{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2248954824","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2015.2475317","title":"Generalized Linear Observables for Ocean Wind Retrieval From Calibrated GNSS-R Delay\u2013Doppler Maps","display_name":"Generalized Linear Observables for Ocean Wind Retrieval From Calibrated GNSS-R Delay\u2013Doppler Maps","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-09-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2248954824","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2015.2475317","mag":"2248954824"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2015.2475317","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2015.2475317","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036058658","display_name":"Nereida Rodriguez-Alvarez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9382-0686"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nereida Rodriguez-Alvarez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044659164","display_name":"James L. Garrison","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0269-9834"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James L. Garrison","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5036058658"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.2625,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":58,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91027558,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"54","issue":"2","first_page":"1142","last_page":"1155"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.7195909023284912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.6771994829177856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-system","display_name":"Satellite system","score":0.5642855763435364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-speed","display_name":"Wind speed","score":0.5488699674606323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.4437364935874939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/doppler-effect","display_name":"Doppler effect","score":0.43899163603782654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.40128403902053833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.3701480031013489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.3695443570613861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.36667367815971375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.30282479524612427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.24682912230491638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.23420459032058716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.15417206287384033}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.7195909023284912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.6771994829177856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778027091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25346003","display_name":"Satellite system","level":4,"score":0.5642855763435364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161067210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1464943","display_name":"Wind speed","level":2,"score":0.5488699674606323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.4437364935874939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142757262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76436","display_name":"Doppler effect","level":2,"score":0.43899163603782654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.40128403902053833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.3701480031013489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3695443570613861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.36667367815971375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.30282479524612427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.24682912230491638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.23420459032058716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.15417206287384033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2015.2475317","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2015.2475317","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8299999833106995,"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1550957224","https://openalex.org/W1603954164","https://openalex.org/W1660767182","https://openalex.org/W2022050692","https://openalex.org/W2032548820","https://openalex.org/W2036393665","https://openalex.org/W2066691331","https://openalex.org/W2069319428","https://openalex.org/W2076593455","https://openalex.org/W2088351237","https://openalex.org/W2096453255","https://openalex.org/W2098932502","https://openalex.org/W2107580583","https://openalex.org/W2115283904","https://openalex.org/W2128945318","https://openalex.org/W2132845208","https://openalex.org/W2145696754","https://openalex.org/W2178868590","https://openalex.org/W2466397456","https://openalex.org/W2949922561","https://openalex.org/W4292023222","https://openalex.org/W6719475758"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2412782836","https://openalex.org/W2007789563","https://openalex.org/W2898672628","https://openalex.org/W4285191791","https://openalex.org/W4385626196","https://openalex.org/W2364356564","https://openalex.org/W3214762446","https://openalex.org/W229834295","https://openalex.org/W1994915943","https://openalex.org/W1995725219"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,44],"Cyclone":[1],"Global":[2,10,73],"Navigation":[3,11],"Satellite":[4,12],"System":[5,75],"(CYGNSS)":[6],"mission":[7],"will":[8,47,65,79],"use":[9],"System-Reflectometry":[13],"to":[14,41,101,193],"measure":[15],"ocean":[16,102],"surface":[17,103],"winds":[18],"in":[19,54,116],"and":[20,69,90,150,167,183],"near":[21],"the":[22,29,87,94,132,147,171,184,195],"hurricane":[23],"inner":[24],"core,":[25],"including":[26],"regions":[27],"beneath":[28],"eye":[30],"wall,":[31],"which":[32,106,124],"could":[33],"not":[34],"previously":[35],"be":[36,80],"measured":[37],"from":[38,72,105],"space":[39],"due":[40],"intense":[42],"precipitation.":[43],"CYGNSS":[45,63],"constellation":[46],"consist":[48],"of":[49,61,86,93,131,146,156,158,170,188],"eight":[50],"small":[51],"satellite":[52],"observatories":[53,64],"500-km":[55],"circular":[56],"orbits":[57],"at":[58],"an":[59],"inclination":[60],"~35\u00b0.":[62],"receive":[66],"both":[67,82],"direct":[68],"reflected":[70],"signals":[71,78,99],"Positioning":[74],"satellites.":[76],"Direct":[77],"used":[81],"for":[83,91,176],"conventional":[84],"navigation":[85],"observatory":[88],"positions":[89],"calibration":[92],"incident":[95],"signal":[96],"power.":[97],"Reflected":[98],"respond":[100],"roughness,":[104],"wind":[107,148],"speed":[108],"is":[109,112,125,135,162,191],"retrieved.":[110],"This":[111],"observed":[113],"as":[114,127],"changes":[115],"a":[117,128],"delay-Doppler":[118],"map":[119],"(DDM).":[120],"A":[121],"generalized":[122],"observable,":[123],"defined":[126,175],"linear":[129],"combination":[130,187],"DDM":[133,178],"samples,":[134],"optimized":[136],"using":[137],"three":[138,160],"different":[139],"methods:":[140],"maximum":[141],"signal-to-noise":[142],"ratio,":[143],"minimum":[144,185],"variance":[145,186],"speed,":[149],"principal":[151],"component":[152],"analysis":[153],"(PCA).":[154],"Performance":[155],"each":[157,165],"these":[159],"approaches":[161],"compared":[163],"with":[164,168],"other":[166],"that":[169],"baseline":[172],"Level-2":[173],"retrievals":[174],"CYGNSS:":[177],"average,":[179],"leading":[180],"edge":[181],"slope,":[182],"both.":[189],"PCA":[190],"found":[192],"have":[194],"best":[196],"performance.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-28T08:17:26.163206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}