{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2244457783","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2015.2463689","title":"Improving the Consistency of Multitemporal Land Cover Maps Using a Hidden Markov Model","display_name":"Improving the Consistency of Multitemporal Land Cover Maps Using a Hidden Markov Model","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-09-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2244457783","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2015.2463689","mag":"2244457783"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2015.2463689","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2015.2463689","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032270503","display_name":"S. P. Abercrombie","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124779","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334627681","display_name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/027k65916","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786","https://openalex.org/I1334627681","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"S. Parker Abercrombie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jet Propulsion Laboratory, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Pasadena, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Pasadena, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334627681","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005834311","display_name":"M. A. Friedl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6899-2948"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark A. Friedl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Boston University, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Boston University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032270503"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334627681","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.8913,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":106,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96363731,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"54","issue":"2","first_page":"703","last_page":"713"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-cover","display_name":"Land cover","score":0.8418889045715332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.7181577682495117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.607903003692627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spurious-relationship","display_name":"Spurious relationship","score":0.5978126525878906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/change-detection","display_name":"Change detection","score":0.5368784666061401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.532459557056427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.47883036732673645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4631599187850952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deforestation","display_name":"Deforestation (computer science)","score":0.4145893454551697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use","display_name":"Land use","score":0.3734970688819885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3347693085670471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.30522391200065613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.18973901867866516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.17648231983184814}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.8418889045715332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.7181577682495117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.607903003692627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97256817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1462316","display_name":"Spurious relationship","level":2,"score":0.5978126525878906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203595873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25389927","display_name":"Change detection","level":2,"score":0.5368784666061401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.532459557056427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.47883036732673645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4631599187850952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777399953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155658","display_name":"Deforestation (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4145893454551697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.3734970688819885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3347693085670471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.30522391200065613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.18973901867866516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.17648231983184814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2015.2463689","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2015.2463689","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.7599999904632568}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3504123610","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NNX11AE75G","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W72091660","https://openalex.org/W1486632395","https://openalex.org/W1504694836","https://openalex.org/W1509162212","https://openalex.org/W1663973292","https://openalex.org/W1985880012","https://openalex.org/W1989282982","https://openalex.org/W1990661746","https://openalex.org/W2000047929","https://openalex.org/W2006929658","https://openalex.org/W2012950829","https://openalex.org/W2022224360","https://openalex.org/W2030257787","https://openalex.org/W2030851497","https://openalex.org/W2036798369","https://openalex.org/W2042692910","https://openalex.org/W2073743025","https://openalex.org/W2078252173","https://openalex.org/W2101225175","https://openalex.org/W2102150301","https://openalex.org/W2108826313","https://openalex.org/W2121025662","https://openalex.org/W2123434492","https://openalex.org/W2125055259","https://openalex.org/W2125838338","https://openalex.org/W2132517093","https://openalex.org/W2138408852","https://openalex.org/W2138448722","https://openalex.org/W2140023211","https://openalex.org/W2140181255","https://openalex.org/W2153820558","https://openalex.org/W2160544350","https://openalex.org/W2164292459","https://openalex.org/W2165577558","https://openalex.org/W2166302761","https://openalex.org/W2170804038","https://openalex.org/W2520003435","https://openalex.org/W2521878310","https://openalex.org/W2594639291","https://openalex.org/W2915157699","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6726954414","https://openalex.org/W6727430232","https://openalex.org/W6759048068"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3113091479","https://openalex.org/W2162899405","https://openalex.org/W941090075","https://openalex.org/W2044987316","https://openalex.org/W3134374554","https://openalex.org/W2237480245","https://openalex.org/W2075065631","https://openalex.org/W2519167559","https://openalex.org/W2153381734","https://openalex.org/W2050072374"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Land":[0,158],"cover":[1,24,29,53,68,92,97,144,238,251],"and":[2,15,60,114,140,176,199,241,252],"land":[3,23,28,52,67,70,91,96,143,237,250,253],"use":[4,254],"affect":[5],"a":[6,77,82,108,133],"wide":[7],"range":[8],"of":[9,36,49,142,223],"regional-scale":[10],"to":[11,87,111,246],"global-scale":[12],"ecosystem":[13],"processes,":[14],"many":[16],"Earth":[17],"system":[18],"models":[19],"rely":[20],"on":[21,164],"accurate":[22,198],"information.":[25],"However,":[26],"multitemporal":[27,236,249],"products":[30],"often":[31],"show":[32,187],"unrealistically":[33],"high":[34],"levels":[35],"year-to-year":[37,203],"label":[38,120,193,206],"change,":[39],"particularly":[40],"at":[41,146],"coarse":[42],"spatial":[43],"resolution":[44],"(i.e.,":[45],"300-500":[46],"m).":[47],"Much":[48],"this":[50,73],"apparent":[51],"change":[54,65,93,145,170,183],"arises":[55],"from":[56,94],"errors":[57],"in":[58,66,99,220,248],"classification":[59,100,211,239],"does":[61],"not":[62],"indicate":[63],"real":[64,90],"or":[69,212],"use.":[71],"In":[72],"paper,":[74],"we":[75,115,229],"present":[76,230],"novel":[78],"framework":[79,135,227],"that":[80,129,166,178,188,195,200,216,228],"uses":[81],"hidden":[83],"Markov":[84],"model":[85],"(HMM)":[86],"help":[88],"distinguish":[89],"spurious":[95],"changes":[98],"time":[101,174],"series.":[102],"We":[103,149,186],"apply":[104],"the":[105,118,130,154,172,189],"HMM":[106,124,131,190],"as":[107],"postprocessing":[109,214],"step":[110],"supervised":[112],"classification,":[113],"solve":[116],"for":[117,136],"optimal":[119],"sequence":[121],"using":[122,153],"existing":[123],"algorithms.":[125],"Our":[126],"results":[127],"demonstrate":[128],"provides":[132,192],"rigorous":[134],"capturing":[137],"temporal":[138],"context":[139],"likelihood":[141],"each":[147],"pixel.":[148],"evaluated":[150],"our":[151],"approach":[152],"MODIS":[155,173],"Collection":[156],"5.1":[157],"Cover":[159],"Type":[160],"product":[161],"(MCD12Q1),":[162],"focusing":[163],"areas":[165,177],"have":[167,179,217],"experienced":[168,180],"little":[169],"over":[171,234],"series,":[175],"well":[181],"characterized":[182],"(e.g.,":[184],"deforestation).":[185],"method":[191],"sequences":[194,207],"are":[196],"more":[197],"exhibit":[201],"less":[202],"variability":[204],"than":[205],"produced":[208],"by":[209,213],"ensemble-decision-tree":[210],"heuristics":[215],"been":[218],"used":[219],"recent":[221],"versions":[222],"MCD12Q1":[224],"product.":[225],"The":[226],"offers":[231],"an":[232],"improvement":[233],"conventional":[235],"methods,":[240],"it":[242],"is":[243],"widely":[244],"applicable":[245],"problems":[247],"monitoring.":[255]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-05-08T15:41:06.802602","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}