{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2210588660","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2015.2421733","title":"Hemispherical-Directional Reflectance (HDRF) of Windblown Snow-Covered Arctic Tundra at Large Solar Zenith Angles","display_name":"Hemispherical-Directional Reflectance (HDRF) of Windblown Snow-Covered Arctic Tundra at Large Solar Zenith Angles","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-05-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2210588660","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2015.2421733","mag":"2210588660"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2015.2421733","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2015.2421733","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/36/7121063/07104122.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/36/7121063/07104122.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012887594","display_name":"Christopher P. Ball","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9200-6263"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Christopher P. Ball","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey, U.K","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108649609","display_name":"Amelia Marks","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amelia A. Marks","raw_affiliation_strings":["Royal Holloway, University of London, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Royal Holloway, University of London, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, U.K","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015068967","display_name":"Paul D. Green","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134421475","display_name":"National Physical Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/015w2mp89","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134421475"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul D. Green","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134421475"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037771223","display_name":"Alasdair MacArthur","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7553-5822"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alasdair MacArthur","raw_affiliation_strings":["Natural Environment Research Council Field Spectroscopy Facility, School of Geosciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Natural Environment Research Council Field Spectroscopy Facility, School of Geosciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023041499","display_name":"Marion Maturilli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6818-7383"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I127251866","display_name":"Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum f\u00fcr Polar- und Meeresforschung","ror":"https://ror.org/032e6b942","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I127251866","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marion Maturilli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127251866"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009140765","display_name":"Nigel Fox","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9616-1359"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134421475","display_name":"National Physical Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/015w2mp89","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134421475"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nigel P. Fox","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134421475"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027345031","display_name":"Martin D. King","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0089-7693"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin D. King","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey, U.K","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012887594"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":{"value":2526,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2724},"fwci":0.9027,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76426649,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"53","issue":"10","first_page":"5377","last_page":"5387"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11333","display_name":"Climate change and permafrost","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10766","display_name":"Urban Heat Island Mitigation","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/snow","display_name":"Snow","score":0.7033892869949341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zenith","display_name":"Zenith","score":0.6377314925193787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solar-zenith-angle","display_name":"Solar zenith angle","score":0.6219825148582458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/snowpack","display_name":"Snowpack","score":0.5488980412483215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelength","display_name":"Wavelength","score":0.5296033620834351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.47454866766929626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/albedo","display_name":"Albedo (alchemy)","score":0.4669818580150604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/irradiance","display_name":"Irradiance","score":0.4133723974227905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-sciences","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","score":0.3543737232685089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.32364916801452637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.2857712507247925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2550860643386841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.13558489084243774}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197046000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7561","display_name":"Snow","level":2,"score":0.7033892869949341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53970728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82806","display_name":"Zenith","level":2,"score":0.6377314925193787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776573159","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7556691","display_name":"Solar zenith angle","level":2,"score":0.6219825148582458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778877292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18575846","display_name":"Snowpack","level":3,"score":0.5488980412483215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6260449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41364","display_name":"Wavelength","level":2,"score":0.5296033620834351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.47454866766929626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195886398","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2110050","display_name":"Albedo (alchemy)","level":3,"score":0.4669818580150604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46423501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830654","display_name":"Irradiance","level":2,"score":0.4133723974227905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.3543737232685089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.32364916801452637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2857712507247925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2550860643386841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.13558489084243774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52119013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50637","display_name":"Art history","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554144382","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213156","display_name":"Performance art","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2015.2421733","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2015.2421733","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/36/7121063/07104122.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:epic.awi.de:37955","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400378","display_name":"Helmholtz-Zentrum f\u00fcr Polar-und Meeresforschung (Alfred-Wegener-Institut)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799732068","host_organization_name":"Royal Prince Alfred Hospital","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799732068"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2015.2421733","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2015.2421733","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/36/7121063/07104122.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","score":0.7300000190734863,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G615905644","display_name":"Measurement of bi-direflectance (BRDF) of sea-ice for Earth Observing Satellites","funder_award_id":"NE/I018999/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334631","funder_display_name":"Natural Environment Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8861969129","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NE/I018999/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335277","funder_display_name":"National Physical Laboratory"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334631","display_name":"Natural Environment Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/02b5d8509"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335277","display_name":"National Physical Laboratory","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335935","display_name":"Royal Holloway, University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/04g2vpn86"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338104","display_name":"British Antarctic Survey","ror":"https://ror.org/01rhff309"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2210588660.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2210588660.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W176822840","https://openalex.org/W1557590941","https://openalex.org/W1599704337","https://openalex.org/W1621085415","https://openalex.org/W1969981169","https://openalex.org/W1972586783","https://openalex.org/W1979507263","https://openalex.org/W1979813407","https://openalex.org/W1982949848","https://openalex.org/W1984749562","https://openalex.org/W2007311149","https://openalex.org/W2009116822","https://openalex.org/W2010421754","https://openalex.org/W2011707853","https://openalex.org/W2015316493","https://openalex.org/W2039052550","https://openalex.org/W2059672595","https://openalex.org/W2062594147","https://openalex.org/W2067309702","https://openalex.org/W2069004625","https://openalex.org/W2071750655","https://openalex.org/W2074775716","https://openalex.org/W2088645942","https://openalex.org/W2089899994","https://openalex.org/W2093255589","https://openalex.org/W2096281865","https://openalex.org/W2103794190","https://openalex.org/W2118751225","https://openalex.org/W2131659903","https://openalex.org/W2138448722","https://openalex.org/W2142284063","https://openalex.org/W2145144600","https://openalex.org/W2151896708","https://openalex.org/W2152809766","https://openalex.org/W2154798661","https://openalex.org/W2157301455","https://openalex.org/W2162911451","https://openalex.org/W2169853427","https://openalex.org/W2171221184","https://openalex.org/W2266243303","https://openalex.org/W3156741330","https://openalex.org/W4242656701","https://openalex.org/W4251391716","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6633235505"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2030197634","https://openalex.org/W2068293008","https://openalex.org/W1648600398","https://openalex.org/W2884884583","https://openalex.org/W4377992086","https://openalex.org/W2085954327","https://openalex.org/W2593271589","https://openalex.org/W2018798426","https://openalex.org/W2100932191","https://openalex.org/W2375218729"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ground-based":[0],"measurements":[1,61],"of":[2,9,78,127,133,179,188],"the":[3,27,38,44,49,54,85,90,107,131,144,153,165,170,193,204,210,215,219,234],"hemispherical":[4],"directional":[5],"reflectance":[6],"factor":[7,126],"(HDRF)":[8],"windblown":[10],"snow":[11,91,180],"covered":[12],"Arctic":[13],"tundra":[14],"were":[15,35],"measured":[16,202],"at":[17],"large":[18,222],"solar":[19,108,235],"zenith":[20],"angles":[21,46,51,142,160],"(79\u00b0-85\u00b0)":[22],"for":[23,53,67,139,158,169,182,195],"six":[24],"sites":[25,66,83,172],"near":[26],"international":[28],"research":[29],"base":[30],"in":[31,130,164,192,203,218,224],"Ny-\u00c5lesund,":[32],"Svalbard.":[33],"Measurements":[34],"made":[36],"with":[37,73,104,122,176,231],"Gonio":[39],"RAdiometric":[40],"Spectrometer":[41],"System":[42],"over":[43,143],"viewing":[45,71,141,159,167],"0\u00b0-50\u00b0":[47],"and":[48,69,89,111,173,227],"azimuth":[50],"0\u00b0-360\u00b0,":[52],"wavelength":[55,120,145],"range":[56,146],"400-1700":[57],"nm.":[58,148],"The":[59,98,149,206],"HDRF":[60,100,137,154,181,194],"showed":[62,101,186,214],"good":[63,102],"consistency":[64],"between":[65,82],"near-nadir":[68],"backward":[70,166],"angles,":[72],"a":[74,113,125,221,228],"relative":[75],"standard":[76],"deviation":[77],"less":[79,161],"than":[80,95,124,162],"10%":[81],"where":[84],"snowpack":[86],"was":[87,93,118],"smooth":[88],"depth":[92],"greater":[94,123],"40":[96],"cm.":[97],"averaged":[99,171],"symmetry":[103],"respect":[105,232],"to":[106,135,190,199,233],"principal":[109,236],"plane":[110],"exhibited":[112],"forward":[114,225],"scattering":[115],"peak":[116],"that":[117,208],"strongly":[119],"dependent,":[121],"2":[128],"increase":[129],"ratio":[132],"maximum":[134],"minimum":[136],"values":[138],"all":[140],"400-1300":[147],"angular":[150],"effects":[151],"on":[152],"had":[155,209],"minimal":[156],"influence":[157],"150":[163],"direction":[168],"agreed":[174],"well":[175],"another":[177],"study":[178],"infrared":[183],"wavelengths,":[184],"but":[185],"differences":[187],"up":[189],"0.24":[191],"visible":[196],"wavelengths":[197],"owing":[198],"light-absorbing":[200],"impurities":[201],"snowpack.":[205],"site":[207],"largest":[211],"roughness":[212],"elements":[213],"strongest":[216],"anisotropy":[217],"HDRF,":[220],"reduction":[223],"scattering,":[226],"strong":[229],"asymmetry":[230],"plane.":[237]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
