{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2063093906","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2014.2366640","title":"Image Processing for Identification of Sea-Ice Floes and the Floe Size Distributions","display_name":"Image Processing for Identification of Sea-Ice Floes and the Floe Size Distributions","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-12-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2063093906","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2014.2366640","mag":"2063093906"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2014.2366640","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2014.2366640","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/36/7001732/06971211.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/36/7001732/06971211.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100418211","display_name":"Qin Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8356-4802"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204778367","display_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Marine Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway","Department of Marine Technology , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Marine Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Marine Technology , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078742397","display_name":"Roger Skjetne","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9289-1450"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204778367","display_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roger Skjetne","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Marine Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway","Department of Marine Technology , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Marine Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Marine Technology , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100418211"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.0892,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":75,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90201781,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"53","issue":"5","first_page":"2913","last_page":"2924"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11459","display_name":"Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11459","display_name":"Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":0.9858999848365784,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sea-ice","display_name":"Sea ice","score":0.8345927596092224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/initialization","display_name":"Initialization","score":0.7000107765197754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.6053555011749268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5367857813835144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.5328835248947144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.475683331489563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/slush","display_name":"Slush","score":0.4499998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sea-ice-concentration","display_name":"Sea ice concentration","score":0.448646605014801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lead","display_name":"Lead (geology)","score":0.43911048769950867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arctic-ice-pack","display_name":"Arctic ice pack","score":0.43746769428253174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3901093304157257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sea-ice-thickness","display_name":"Sea ice thickness","score":0.36376142501831055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3599205017089844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climatology","display_name":"Climatology","score":0.2291896641254425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oceanography","display_name":"Oceanography","score":0.21773654222488403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.20314407348632812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geomorphology","display_name":"Geomorphology","score":0.18029403686523438}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136894858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213926","display_name":"Sea ice","level":2,"score":0.8345927596092224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114466953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6034165","display_name":"Initialization","level":2,"score":0.7000107765197754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.6053555011749268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5367857813835144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.5328835248947144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.475683331489563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127732161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1047031","display_name":"Slush","level":2,"score":0.4499998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194520297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7440064","display_name":"Sea ice concentration","level":5,"score":0.448646605014801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777093003","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6508345","display_name":"Lead (geology)","level":2,"score":0.43911048769950867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161798024","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3651008","display_name":"Arctic ice pack","level":3,"score":0.43746769428253174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3901093304157257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149767477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7440066","display_name":"Sea ice thickness","level":4,"score":0.36376142501831055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3599205017089844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.2291896641254425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.21773654222488403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.20314407348632812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.18029403686523438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2014.2366640","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2014.2366640","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/36/7001732/06971211.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2014.2366640","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2014.2366640","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/36/7001732/06971211.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7900000214576721,"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1232238297","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"203471","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","funder_display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2096367874","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Project","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","funder_display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2247835271","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"199567","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","funder_display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2975510207","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SAMCoT","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","funder_display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3748656914","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Norway","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","funder_display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4043003704","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"199567 \u201cArctic DP\u201d","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","funder_display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8305921771","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Project 203471","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","funder_display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322564","display_name":"Statoil","ror":"https://ror.org/017mte255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","ror":"https://ror.org/00epmv149"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324236","display_name":"DNV GL","ror":"https://ror.org/04c235406"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2063093906.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2063093906.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W101453762","https://openalex.org/W385855111","https://openalex.org/W629725575","https://openalex.org/W1533162639","https://openalex.org/W1592346384","https://openalex.org/W1978796730","https://openalex.org/W1983011919","https://openalex.org/W1983356840","https://openalex.org/W1985286963","https://openalex.org/W1996342882","https://openalex.org/W2002437266","https://openalex.org/W2009473074","https://openalex.org/W2013665621","https://openalex.org/W2014941447","https://openalex.org/W2023223168","https://openalex.org/W2025422111","https://openalex.org/W2028971026","https://openalex.org/W2076531309","https://openalex.org/W2104095591","https://openalex.org/W2113440584","https://openalex.org/W2127218421","https://openalex.org/W2133059825","https://openalex.org/W2145803225","https://openalex.org/W2147102575","https://openalex.org/W2163923250","https://openalex.org/W2320286078","https://openalex.org/W2580407824","https://openalex.org/W2612675214","https://openalex.org/W2792135991","https://openalex.org/W4211016884","https://openalex.org/W4250600009","https://openalex.org/W4298133934","https://openalex.org/W6604106720","https://openalex.org/W6678914141","https://openalex.org/W6680096826","https://openalex.org/W6737980833","https://openalex.org/W6749587924","https://openalex.org/W6844086358"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W206690607","https://openalex.org/W4221057659","https://openalex.org/W2486603219","https://openalex.org/W3118382281","https://openalex.org/W1981028522","https://openalex.org/W2057155177","https://openalex.org/W2138002925","https://openalex.org/W2584433234","https://openalex.org/W4240873802","https://openalex.org/W3147447286"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"An":[0],"unmanned":[1],"aerial":[2],"vehicle":[3],"was":[4],"used":[5],"as":[6],"a":[7,160,195],"mobile":[8],"sensor":[9],"platform":[10],"to":[11,29,34,63,66,92,112,124,158],"collect":[12],"sea-ice":[13,32,42],"features":[14],"at":[15],"Ny-\u00c5lesund":[16],"in":[17,68,194],"early":[18],"May":[19],"2011,":[20],"and":[21,56,58,117,151,167,173,189,203],"several":[22],"image":[23,139],"processing":[24],"algorithms":[25],"have":[26],"been":[27],"applied":[28,91,123],"samples":[30],"of":[31,75,128,163],"images":[33],"extract":[35],"useful":[36],"information":[37],"about":[38],"sea":[39],"ice.":[40],"The":[41,181],"statistics":[43],"given":[44],"by":[45],"the":[46,73,83,98,107,118,126,135,138,164,174,201,206],"floe":[47,70,177],"size":[48,178],"distribution,":[49],"being":[50],"an":[51,103,185],"important":[52],"parameter":[53],"for":[54],"climate":[55],"wave-":[57],"structure-ice":[59],"analysis,":[60],"is":[61,90,110,121,140,192],"challenging":[62],"calculate":[64],"due":[65],"difficulties":[67],"ice":[69,78,115,131,146,165,176],"identification,":[71],"particularly":[72],"separation":[74],"seemingly":[76],"connected":[77],"floes.":[79],"In":[80],"this":[81,94],"paper,":[82],"gradient":[84],"vector":[85],"flow":[86],"(GVF)":[87],"snake":[88,100],"algorithm":[89,101,183],"solve":[93],"problem.":[95],"To":[96],"evolve":[97],"GVF":[99],"automatically,":[102],"initialization":[104],"based":[105,170],"on":[106,134,171,200],"distance":[108],"transform":[109],"proposed":[111,182],"detect":[113],"individual":[114],"floes,":[116,147],"morphological":[119],"cleaning":[120],"afterward":[122],"smoothen":[125],"shape":[127],"each":[129],"identified":[130],"floe.":[132],"Based":[133],"identification":[136,187],"result,":[137,188],"separated":[141],"into":[142],"four":[143],"different":[144],"layers:":[145],"brash":[148,168],"pieces,":[149],"slush,":[150],"water.":[152],"This":[153],"makes":[154],"it":[155],"further":[156],"possible":[157],"present":[159],"color":[161],"map":[162],"floes":[166],"pieces":[169],"sizes,":[172],"corresponding":[175],"distribution":[179],"histogram.":[180],"yields":[184],"acceptable":[186],"its":[190],"effectiveness":[191],"demonstrated":[193],"case":[196],"study.":[197],"A":[198],"discussion":[199],"methods":[202],"results":[204],"concludes":[205],"paper.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}