{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2022394120","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2014.2359951","title":"A Multiscale and Hierarchical Feature Extraction Method for Terrestrial Laser Scanning Point Cloud Classification","display_name":"A Multiscale and Hierarchical Feature Extraction Method for Terrestrial Laser Scanning Point Cloud Classification","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-10-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2022394120","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2014.2359951","mag":"2022394120"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2014.2359951","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2014.2359951","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100422329","display_name":"Zhen Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4318-9996"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166112","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05wzjqa24","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, School of Geography, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China","[State Key Lab of Remote Sensing Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, CHINA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, School of Geography, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112","https://openalex.org/I25254941"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[State Key Lab of Remote Sensing Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, CHINA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100459445","display_name":"Liqiang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4175-7590"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166112","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05wzjqa24","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liqiang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, School of Geography, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China","[State Key Lab of Remote Sensing Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, CHINA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, School of Geography, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112","https://openalex.org/I25254941"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[State Key Lab of Remote Sensing Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, CHINA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110399112","display_name":"Tian Fang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tian Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong","Hong Kong Univ. of Sci. & Technol., Kowloon, China#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong Univ. of Sci. & Technol., Kowloon, China#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034411238","display_name":"P. Takis Mathiopoulos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3332-4699"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200777214","display_name":"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/04gnjpq42","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I922237871","display_name":"Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy","ror":"https://ror.org/000k1q888","country_code":"NL","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800991832","https://openalex.org/I4405262988","https://openalex.org/I922237871"]}],"countries":["GR","NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. Takis Mathiopoulos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece","Inst. for Astron. Astrophys. Space Applic. & Remote Sensing, Athens, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inst. for Astron. Astrophys. Space Applic. & Remote Sensing, Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I922237871"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039348214","display_name":"Xiaohua Tong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1045-3797"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohua Tong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Surveying and Geoinformatics, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","Sch. of Surveying & Geoinf., Tongji Univ., Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Surveying and Geoinformatics, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sch. of Surveying & Geoinf., Tongji Univ., Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091466289","display_name":"Huamin Qu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3344-9694"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huamin Qu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong","Hong Kong Univ. of Sci. & Technol., Kowloon, China#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong Univ. of Sci. & Technol., Kowloon, China#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063976189","display_name":"Zhiqiang Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8245-6762"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166112","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05wzjqa24","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiqiang Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, School of Geography, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China","[State Key Lab of Remote Sensing Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, CHINA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, School of Geography, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112","https://openalex.org/I25254941"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[State Key Lab of Remote Sensing Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, CHINA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101907359","display_name":"Li Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4876-6975"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166112","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05wzjqa24","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, School of Geography, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China","[State Key Lab of Remote Sensing Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, CHINA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, School of Geography, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112","https://openalex.org/I25254941"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[State Key Lab of Remote Sensing Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, CHINA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013116360","display_name":"Dong Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8118-3889"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167027274","display_name":"Nanjing Forestry University","ror":"https://ror.org/03m96p165","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167027274"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China","College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University  Nanjing China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167027274"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University  Nanjing China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167027274"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100422329"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941","https://openalex.org/I4210166112"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.979,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":171,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98244471,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"53","issue":"5","first_page":"2409","last_page":"2425"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9850999712944031,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.8530673980712891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7124678492546082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latent-dirichlet-allocation","display_name":"Latent Dirichlet allocation","score":0.6299498081207275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6105305552482605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5893411040306091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.5540920495986938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5125765204429626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.49993324279785156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topic-model","display_name":"Topic model","score":0.20766359567642212}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.8530673980712891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7124678492546082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C500882744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269236","display_name":"Latent Dirichlet allocation","level":3,"score":0.6299498081207275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6105305552482605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5893411040306091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.5540920495986938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5125765204429626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.49993324279785156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171686336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3532085","display_name":"Topic model","level":2,"score":0.20766359567642212}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2014.2359951","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2014.2359951","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.hkust.edu.hk:1783.1-66677","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.hkust.edu.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-66677","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.ust.hk:1783.1-66677","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://gateway.isiknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS&KeyUT=000351063100012","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.5899999737739563}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7034623178","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41371324","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W263845233","https://openalex.org/W760756148","https://openalex.org/W1525032837","https://openalex.org/W1564871316","https://openalex.org/W1880262756","https://openalex.org/W1964475161","https://openalex.org/W1970844948","https://openalex.org/W1976749772","https://openalex.org/W1988790447","https://openalex.org/W2001563151","https://openalex.org/W2008680434","https://openalex.org/W2020257492","https://openalex.org/W2036718463","https://openalex.org/W2053939793","https://openalex.org/W2069127380","https://openalex.org/W2091701868","https://openalex.org/W2099606917","https://openalex.org/W2102402541","https://openalex.org/W2103820944","https://openalex.org/W2107023258","https://openalex.org/W2107034620","https://openalex.org/W2112301665","https://openalex.org/W2121947440","https://openalex.org/W2124938425","https://openalex.org/W2126401726","https://openalex.org/W2126786328","https://openalex.org/W2129725504","https://openalex.org/W2131236624","https://openalex.org/W2132827946","https://openalex.org/W2134665698","https://openalex.org/W2134731454","https://openalex.org/W2143516773","https://openalex.org/W2145862305","https://openalex.org/W2146534786","https://openalex.org/W2148780922","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2153451832","https://openalex.org/W2164437425","https://openalex.org/W2171896402","https://openalex.org/W2293145668","https://openalex.org/W2544953446","https://openalex.org/W2950477597","https://openalex.org/W3150717011","https://openalex.org/W4231510805","https://openalex.org/W4388680028","https://openalex.org/W6634014874","https://openalex.org/W6639619044","https://openalex.org/W6674735981","https://openalex.org/W6679439793","https://openalex.org/W6682095516","https://openalex.org/W6684199473","https://openalex.org/W6685292306","https://openalex.org/W6697249658","https://openalex.org/W6729542845","https://openalex.org/W6888928056"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3126382579","https://openalex.org/W3107650560","https://openalex.org/W4315588616","https://openalex.org/W4317422773","https://openalex.org/W2888805565","https://openalex.org/W2810542905","https://openalex.org/W2965546495","https://openalex.org/W2129350855","https://openalex.org/W4389116644","https://openalex.org/W1487808658"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,162],"effective":[1],"extraction":[2],"of":[3,16,26,56,60,90,104,124,140,169,175],"shape":[4],"features":[5,33,139,186,225],"is":[6,93,110,155],"an":[7,192],"important":[8],"requirement":[9],"for":[10,120,177,187,231,242],"the":[11,24,54,86,101,121,136,147,184,201,206,227],"accurate":[12],"and":[13,31,36,49,70,199,214,235,244,250],"efficient":[14],"classification":[15,55,229],"terrestrial":[17],"laser":[18],"scanning":[19],"(TLS)":[20],"point":[21,40,58,72,77,98,102,125,141,179,208,212,239],"clouds.":[22],"However,":[23],"challenge":[25],"how":[27],"to":[28,158,182,204],"obtain":[29,200],"robust":[30],"discriminative":[32],"from":[34,237],"noisy":[35],"varying":[37,211],"density":[38,213],"TLS":[39,57,207,238],"clouds":[41,59,78,126,209],"remains.":[42],"This":[43,115],"paper":[44],"introduces":[45],"a":[46,112,159,167,173,178],"novel":[47,138],"multiscale":[48,69,122],"hierarchical":[50,71,97,132],"framework,":[51,66],"which":[52],"describes":[53],"cluttered":[61],"urban":[62],"scenes.":[63],"In":[64,75],"this":[65],"we":[67,190],"propose":[68],"clusters":[73,142],"(MHPCs).":[74],"MHPCs,":[76,137],"are":[79,143],"first":[80],"resampled":[81,87],"into":[82,95,217],"different":[83],"scales.":[84],"Then,":[85],"data":[88,215],"set":[89,168,198],"each":[91,108,196],"scale":[92],"aggregated":[94],"several":[96],"clusters,":[99],"where":[100],"cloud":[103],"all":[105],"scales":[106],"in":[107,195],"level":[109],"termed":[111],"point-cluster":[113,188,197],"set.":[114,161],"representation":[116],"not":[117],"only":[118],"accounts":[119],"properties":[123],"but":[127],"also":[128],"well":[129],"captures":[130],"their":[131],"structures.":[133],"Based":[134],"on":[135],"constructed":[144],"by":[145],"employing":[146],"latent":[148,170],"Dirichlet":[149],"allocation":[150],"(LDA).":[151],"An":[152],"LDA":[153,163],"model":[154,164],"trained":[156],"according":[157],"training":[160],"then":[165],"extracts":[166],"topics,":[171,176],"i.e.,":[172],"feature":[174],"cluster.":[180],"Finally,":[181],"apply":[183],"introduced":[185],"classification,":[189],"train":[191],"AdaBoost":[193],"classifier":[194],"corresponding":[202],"classifiers":[203],"separate":[205],"with":[210,221],"missing":[216],"semantic":[218],"regions.":[219],"Compared":[220],"other":[222],"methods,":[223],"our":[224],"achieve":[226],"best":[228],"results":[230],"buildings,":[232],"trees,":[233],"people,":[234],"cars":[236],"clouds,":[240],"particularly":[241],"small":[243],"moving":[245],"objects,":[246],"such":[247],"as":[248],"people":[249],"cars.":[251]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-02-26T08:16:20.718346","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}