{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1976053561","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2014.2325409","title":"Classification of Alaska Spring Thaw Characteristics Using Satellite L-Band Radar Remote Sensing","display_name":"Classification of Alaska Spring Thaw Characteristics Using Satellite L-Band Radar Remote Sensing","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-06-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1976053561","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2014.2325409","mag":"1976053561"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2014.2325409","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2014.2325409","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018795881","display_name":"Jinyang Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8698-6696"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6750721","display_name":"University of Montana","ror":"https://ror.org/0078xmk34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6750721"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinyang Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA","Flathead Lake Biol. Station, Univ. of Montana, Polson, MT, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6750721"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Flathead Lake Biol. Station, Univ. of Montana, Polson, MT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6750721"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012801147","display_name":"John S. Kimball","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5493-5878"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6750721","display_name":"University of Montana","ror":"https://ror.org/0078xmk34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6750721"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John S. Kimball","raw_affiliation_strings":["Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA","Flathead Lake Biol. Station, Univ. of Montana, Polson, MT, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6750721"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Flathead Lake Biol. Station, Univ. of Montana, Polson, MT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6750721"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031420747","display_name":"M. Azarderakhsh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2846-9954"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125687163","display_name":"City College of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/00wmhkr98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125687163"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marzieh Azarderakhsh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, The City College of New York, New York, NY, USA","Earth & Atmos. Sci., City Coll. of New York, New York, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, The City College of New York, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125687163"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Earth & Atmos. Sci., City Coll. of New York, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125687163"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063606252","display_name":"R. S. Dunbar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0173-9344"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122411786","display_name":"California Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dxps055","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334627681","display_name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/027k65916","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786","https://openalex.org/I1334627681","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Scott Dunbar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA","Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334627681"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051682678","display_name":"Mahta Moghaddam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5304-2616"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahta Moghaddam","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA","Ming Hsieh Dept. of Electr. Eng., Univ. of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ming Hsieh Dept. of Electr. Eng., Univ. of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009141734","display_name":"K. C. McDonald","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8911-6576"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122411786","display_name":"California Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dxps055","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125687163","display_name":"City College of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/00wmhkr98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125687163"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kyle C. McDonald","raw_affiliation_strings":["Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA","Earth & Atmos. Sci., City Coll. of New York, New York, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Earth & Atmos. Sci., City Coll. of New York, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125687163"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.1305,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":68,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95084791,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"53","issue":"1","first_page":"542","last_page":"556"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11333","display_name":"Climate change and permafrost","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11333","display_name":"Climate change and permafrost","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6752771139144897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.6744015216827393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.6511915326118469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backscatter","display_name":"Backscatter (email)","score":0.5996485948562622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-resolution","display_name":"Image resolution","score":0.539423942565918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.5273776054382324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.5227763056755066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/l-band","display_name":"L band","score":0.42338305711746216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.34894147515296936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.2937126159667969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.12302112579345703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.11822143197059631}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6752771139144897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6744015216827393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.6511915326118469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30354325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204667","display_name":"Backscatter (email)","level":3,"score":0.5996485948562622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205372480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Image resolution","level":2,"score":0.539423942565918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5273776054382324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.5227763056755066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133969743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2362353","display_name":"L band","level":2,"score":0.42338305711746216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.34894147515296936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2937126159667969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.12302112579345703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.11822143197059631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2014.2325409","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2014.2325409","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarworks.umt.edu:ntsg_pubs-1283","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarworks.umt.edu/ntsg_pubs/284","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190740074","display_name":"The Mathematics Enthusiast","issn_l":"1551-3440","issn":["1551-3440"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group Publications","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6700000166893005,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1521358490","https://openalex.org/W1532691246","https://openalex.org/W1669242417","https://openalex.org/W1966652425","https://openalex.org/W1983447193","https://openalex.org/W1990849343","https://openalex.org/W1993259089","https://openalex.org/W2005908526","https://openalex.org/W2005984181","https://openalex.org/W2015129595","https://openalex.org/W2017793249","https://openalex.org/W2019433019","https://openalex.org/W2021964057","https://openalex.org/W2029411945","https://openalex.org/W2034672914","https://openalex.org/W2039348932","https://openalex.org/W2049251749","https://openalex.org/W2055588961","https://openalex.org/W2056924803","https://openalex.org/W2060476649","https://openalex.org/W2061515890","https://openalex.org/W2065331672","https://openalex.org/W2070502108","https://openalex.org/W2072806535","https://openalex.org/W2075369191","https://openalex.org/W2080352380","https://openalex.org/W2080441174","https://openalex.org/W2094427848","https://openalex.org/W2101677516","https://openalex.org/W2103429409","https://openalex.org/W2105503694","https://openalex.org/W2119881871","https://openalex.org/W2125305600","https://openalex.org/W2130026402","https://openalex.org/W2141348340","https://openalex.org/W2143811473","https://openalex.org/W2146972543","https://openalex.org/W2148159103","https://openalex.org/W2150544723","https://openalex.org/W2158202206","https://openalex.org/W2160285920","https://openalex.org/W2164558649","https://openalex.org/W2165571665","https://openalex.org/W2166516820","https://openalex.org/W2179952737","https://openalex.org/W4237414713","https://openalex.org/W4243350966"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2008518276","https://openalex.org/W2152662390","https://openalex.org/W2100277028","https://openalex.org/W2160659837","https://openalex.org/W4387829462","https://openalex.org/W2986946135","https://openalex.org/W1995803540","https://openalex.org/W2167226100","https://openalex.org/W2100507255","https://openalex.org/W3023827659"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Spatial":[0],"and":[1,13,21,33,54,88,100,123,126,155,191,204,229],"temporal":[2],"variability":[3],"in":[4,197],"landscape":[5,63],"freeze-":[6],"thaw":[7],"(FT)":[8],"status":[9,137],"at":[10,67],"higher":[11],"latitudes":[12],"elevations":[14],"significantly":[15],"impacts":[16],"land":[17],"surface":[18,22,168],"water":[19],"mobility":[20],"energy":[23],"partitioning,":[24],"with":[25,86],"major":[26],"consequences":[27],"for":[28,146],"regional":[29,184],"climate,":[30],"hydrological,":[31],"ecological,":[32],"biogeochemical":[34],"processes.":[35],"With":[36],"the":[37,49,132,179,223],"development":[38],"of":[39,62,77,138,178,212],"new-generation":[40],"spaceborne":[41],"remote":[42],"sensing":[43],"instruments,":[44],"future":[45],"L-band":[46,78,111],"missions,":[47],"including":[48],"NASA":[50],"Soil":[51],"Moisture":[52],"Active":[53],"Passive":[55],"mission,":[56],"will":[57],"provide":[58],"new":[59],"operational":[60],"retrievals":[61],"FT":[64,101,144,162,181,208,218],"state":[65],"dynamics":[66],"moderate":[68],"(~3":[69],"km)":[70],"spatial":[71,163,193,214],"resolution.":[72],"We":[73],"applied":[74],"theoretical":[75],"simulations":[76],"radar":[79],"backscatter":[80,118],"using":[81,106],"first-order":[82],"radiative":[83],"transfer":[84],"models":[85],"two":[87],"three-layer":[89],"modeling":[90],"schemes":[91],"to":[92,130,199],"develop":[93],"a":[94,139,157,236],"modified":[95],"seasonal":[96],"threshold":[97,119],"algorithm":[98],"(STA)":[99],"classification":[102,171,182,194,219],"study":[103],"over":[104],"Alaska":[105,143],"100-m-resolution":[107],"satellite":[108],"Phased":[109],"Array":[110],"Synthetic":[112],"Aperture":[113],"Radar":[114],"(PALSAR)":[115],"observations.":[116],"The":[117],"distinguishes":[120],"between":[121,225],"frozen":[122,134,231],"nonfrozen":[124],"states,":[125],"it":[127],"is":[128],"used":[129],"classify":[131],"predominant":[133],"or":[135,232],"thawed":[136,233],"grid":[140,226],"cell.":[141],"An":[142,210],"map":[145],"April":[147],"2007":[148],"was":[149],"generated":[150],"from":[151,173],"PALSAR":[152],"(ScanSAR)":[153],"observations":[154],"showed":[156],"regionally":[158],"consistent":[159],"but":[160],"finer":[161],"pattern":[164],"than":[165],"an":[166],"alternative":[167],"air":[169,202],"temperature-based":[170],"derived":[172],"global":[174],"reanalysis":[175],"data.":[176],"Validation":[177],"STA-based":[180],"against":[183],"soil":[185,205],"climate":[186],"stations":[187],"indicated":[188],"approximately":[189],"80%":[190],"75%":[192],"accuracy":[195,220],"values":[196],"relation":[198],"respective":[200],"station":[201],"temperature":[203,206],"measurement-based":[207],"estimates.":[209],"investigation":[211],"relative":[213],"scale":[215],"effects":[216],"on":[217],"indicates":[221],"that":[222],"relationship":[224],"cell":[227],"size":[228],"classified":[230],"area":[234],"follows":[235],"general":[237],"logarithmic":[238],"function.":[239]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}