{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2002266228","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2014.2306922","title":"Polarimetric Simulations of SAR at L-Band Over Bare Soil Using Scattering Matrices of Random Rough Surfaces From Numerical Three-Dimensional Solutions of Maxwell Equations","display_name":"Polarimetric Simulations of SAR at L-Band Over Bare Soil Using Scattering Matrices of Random Rough Surfaces From Numerical Three-Dimensional Solutions of Maxwell Equations","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-04-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2002266228","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2014.2306922","mag":"2002266228"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2014.2306922","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2014.2306922","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109400962","display_name":"Kun\u2010Shan Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7698-9861"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22265921","display_name":"National Central University","ror":"https://ror.org/00944ve71","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22265921"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kun-Shan Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Space Sciences, National Central University, Jhongli, Taiwan","Institute of Space Science, National Central University Jhongli Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Space Sciences, National Central University, Jhongli, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22265921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Space Science, National Central University Jhongli Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22265921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034129930","display_name":"Leung Tsang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leung Tsang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","Dept. of Electr. Eng., Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. Eng., Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007577174","display_name":"Kuan-Liang Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22265921","display_name":"National Central University","ror":"https://ror.org/00944ve71","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22265921"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kuan-Liang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Space Sciences, National Central University, Jhongli, Taiwan","Institute of Space Science, National Central University Jhongli Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Space Sciences, National Central University, Jhongli, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22265921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Space Science, National Central University Jhongli Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22265921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041211777","display_name":"Tien-Hao Liao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0678-5545"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tien Hao Liao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","Dept. of Electr. Eng., Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. Eng., Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113558696","display_name":"J.S. Lee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288214837","display_name":"United States Naval Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/04d23a975","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I175003984","https://openalex.org/I3130687028"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jong-Sen Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA","Naval Res. Lab., Washington, DC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Naval Res. Lab., Washington, DC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9775,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89233358,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"52","issue":"11","first_page":"7048","last_page":"7058"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10739","display_name":"Electromagnetic Scattering and Analysis","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scattering","display_name":"Scattering","score":0.7109325528144836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.5551292896270752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polarimetry","display_name":"Polarimetry","score":0.4438386559486389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/realization","display_name":"Realization (probability)","score":0.42352136969566345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.3715536594390869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-physics","display_name":"Computational physics","score":0.33802908658981323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.24666163325309753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.1114177405834198}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191486275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Scattering","level":2,"score":0.7109325528144836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.5551292896270752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28493345","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899381","display_name":"Polarimetry","level":3,"score":0.4438386559486389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781089630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21856745","display_name":"Realization (probability)","level":2,"score":0.42352136969566345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.3715536594390869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30475298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909554","display_name":"Computational physics","level":1,"score":0.33802908658981323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.24666163325309753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.1114177405834198}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2014.2306922","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2014.2306922","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.6800000071525574,"display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321040","display_name":"National Science Council","ror":"https://ror.org/02kv4zf79"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1538058927","https://openalex.org/W1661217331","https://openalex.org/W1973527930","https://openalex.org/W1996077291","https://openalex.org/W2005509492","https://openalex.org/W2012273424","https://openalex.org/W2039348932","https://openalex.org/W2078985447","https://openalex.org/W2090664287","https://openalex.org/W2098643317","https://openalex.org/W2101690226","https://openalex.org/W2106497190","https://openalex.org/W2122229679","https://openalex.org/W2126895410","https://openalex.org/W2130762895","https://openalex.org/W2132977795","https://openalex.org/W2138009517","https://openalex.org/W2138149909","https://openalex.org/W2141424348","https://openalex.org/W2155607837","https://openalex.org/W2163102789","https://openalex.org/W2171006361","https://openalex.org/W2199513852","https://openalex.org/W2478698305","https://openalex.org/W3023911918","https://openalex.org/W4237764598"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2026860918","https://openalex.org/W2022544890","https://openalex.org/W2394097730","https://openalex.org/W2035593284","https://openalex.org/W2225281849","https://openalex.org/W2612145225","https://openalex.org/W2059660610","https://openalex.org/W2416230169","https://openalex.org/W1630720736","https://openalex.org/W1498268793"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"have":[1],"performed":[2,86],"simulations":[3,84],"of":[4,13,39,51,60,66,118,224,233],"random":[5],"rough":[6,28,175,228],"surface":[7,18,229],"scattering":[8,75,106,120,149,234],"using":[9,17],"3-D":[10],"numerical":[11,58],"solution":[12],"Maxwell":[14,61],"equations":[15,62],"(NMM3D)":[16],"size":[19],"up":[20,108],"to":[21,109,183],"32":[22,24],"\u00d7":[23],"squared":[25],"wavelengths.":[26],"The":[27,36],"surfaces":[29],"are":[30,70,85,144,179,194,218,237],"characterized":[31],"by":[32,80,162],"exponential":[33],"correlation":[34,95],"functions.":[35],"simulation":[37],"results":[38,178],"crossand":[40],"copolarization":[41],"backscattering":[42],"coefficients":[43],"were":[44],"in":[45,57,87,214],"good":[46],"agreement":[47],"with":[48,165],"experimental":[49],"measurements":[50],"bare":[52],"soils":[53],"at":[54],"L-band.":[55],"Because":[56],"solutions":[59],"the":[63,67,104,116,119,147,153,173,177,185,202,207],"electric":[64],"fields":[65],"scattered":[68],"wave":[69],"calculated":[71,103],"for":[72,227],"each":[73,114],"realization,":[74,115],"matrices":[76],"can":[77],"be":[78],"simulated":[79,148,186],"NMM3D,":[81],"and":[82,99,138,158,181,211],"such":[83],"this":[88],"paper.":[89],"For":[90,113,168],"a":[91,163],"given":[92],"RMS":[93],"height,":[94],"length,":[96],"soil":[97],"permittivity,":[98],"incident":[100],"angle,":[101],"we":[102,151,200],"radar":[105],"matrix":[107,204],"958":[110],"independent":[111],"realizations.":[112],"components":[117],"matrix,":[121],"namely,":[122],"S":[123,128,133,139],"<sub":[124,129,134,140],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[125,130,135,141],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">HH</sub>":[126],",":[127,132,137,143],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">VV</sub>":[131],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">HV</sub>":[136],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">VH</sub>":[142],"calculated.":[145,220],"Using":[146],"matrices,":[150],"calculate":[152,201],"polarimetric":[154,192,225],"speckle":[155,171],"statistics":[156],"(amplitude":[157],"phase":[159],"difference),":[160],"followed":[161],"comparison":[164],"theoretical":[166],"distributions.":[167],"fully":[169],"developed":[170],"from":[172,205],"homogeneous":[174],"surface,":[176],"examined":[180],"validated":[182],"ensure":[184],"data":[187],"quality":[188],"as":[189,191],"far":[190],"properties":[193],"concerned.":[195],"By":[196],"taking":[197],"ensemble":[198],"averages,":[199],"coherency":[203],"which":[206],"eigenvalues,":[208],"entropy,":[209],"anisotropy,":[210],"alpha":[212],"angle":[213],"coherent":[215],"target":[216],"decomposition":[217],"then":[219],"In":[221],"particular,":[222],"characterization":[223],"descriptors":[226],"is":[230],"presented.":[231],"Issues":[232],"symmetry":[235],"characteristics":[236],"also":[238],"discussed.":[239]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}