{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2022050692","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2014.2303831","title":"Spaceborne GNSS-R Minimum Variance Wind Speed Estimator","display_name":"Spaceborne GNSS-R Minimum Variance Wind Speed Estimator","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-02-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2022050692","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2014.2303831","mag":"2022050692"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2014.2303831","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2014.2303831","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082939925","display_name":"Maria Paola Clarizia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5958-1917"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197940685","display_name":"National Oceanography Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/00874hx02","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197940685"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Paola Clarizia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences (AOSS), National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, MI, U.K","Atmos., Oceanic & Space Sci. (AOSS), Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences (AOSS), National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, MI, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197940685"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Atmos., Oceanic & Space Sci. (AOSS), Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076495698","display_name":"Christopher S. Ruf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5937-4483"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher S. Ruf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences (AOSS), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","Atmos., Oceanic & Space Sci. (AOSS), Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences (AOSS), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Atmos., Oceanic & Space Sci. (AOSS), Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081384189","display_name":"Philip Jales","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283197605","display_name":"Surrey Satellite Technology (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/01s5rx042","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283197605"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philip Jales","raw_affiliation_strings":["Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd., Guildford, U.K","Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd., Guildford, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd., Guildford, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283197605"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd., Guildford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283197605"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043285144","display_name":"Christine Gommenginger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6941-1671"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197940685","display_name":"National Oceanography Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/00874hx02","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197940685"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christine Gommenginger","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, U.K","Nat. Oceanogr. Centre, Southampton, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197940685"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nat. Oceanogr. Centre, Southampton, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197940685"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.9325,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":272,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9816006,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"52","issue":"11","first_page":"6829","last_page":"6843"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.7843030691146851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-speed","display_name":"Wind speed","score":0.6085324883460999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5930208563804626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimator","display_name":"Estimator","score":0.5834168195724487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.559553325176239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decorrelation","display_name":"Decorrelation","score":0.5521010756492615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-system","display_name":"Satellite system","score":0.5329701900482178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.527288019657135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5173182487487793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.5103744864463806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/buoy","display_name":"Buoy","score":0.44670355319976807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minimum-variance-unbiased-estimator","display_name":"Minimum-variance unbiased estimator","score":0.44026854634284973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.3361939787864685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2431824803352356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.18949079513549805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.15040460228919983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.15015935897827148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.12663477659225464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1066913902759552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.10065773129463196}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.7843030691146851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161067210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1464943","display_name":"Wind speed","level":2,"score":0.6085324883460999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5930208563804626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.5834168195724487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.559553325176239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177860922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788608","display_name":"Decorrelation","level":2,"score":0.5521010756492615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778027091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25346003","display_name":"Satellite system","level":4,"score":0.5329701900482178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.527288019657135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5173182487487793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.5103744864463806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779847632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30026","display_name":"Buoy","level":2,"score":0.44670355319976807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165646398","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3755281","display_name":"Minimum-variance unbiased estimator","level":3,"score":0.44026854634284973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.3361939787864685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2431824803352356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.18949079513549805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.15040460228919983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.15015935897827148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.12663477659225464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1066913902759552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.10065773129463196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2014.2303831","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2014.2303831","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.soton.ac.uk:368506","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/368506/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401019","display_name":"ePrints Soton (University of Southampton)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","host_organization_name":"University of Southampton","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.46000000834465027,"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2141841917","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"noc010012","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320022","funder_display_name":"Sight Research UK"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5700176411","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"noc010012","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334631","funder_display_name":"Natural Environment Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320022","display_name":"Sight Research UK","ror":"https://ror.org/03z2py885"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334631","display_name":"Natural Environment Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/02b5d8509"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1641514922","https://openalex.org/W1660767182","https://openalex.org/W1964490911","https://openalex.org/W1973031729","https://openalex.org/W1989138575","https://openalex.org/W2001088569","https://openalex.org/W2017225104","https://openalex.org/W2018936739","https://openalex.org/W2022585320","https://openalex.org/W2022924554","https://openalex.org/W2036393665","https://openalex.org/W2037145547","https://openalex.org/W2055138182","https://openalex.org/W2056743318","https://openalex.org/W2057282537","https://openalex.org/W2060300493","https://openalex.org/W2060769315","https://openalex.org/W2063143538","https://openalex.org/W2065969377","https://openalex.org/W2076593455","https://openalex.org/W2086830650","https://openalex.org/W2089550449","https://openalex.org/W2093761294","https://openalex.org/W2096453255","https://openalex.org/W2102624290","https://openalex.org/W2103598124","https://openalex.org/W2104207965","https://openalex.org/W2105484143","https://openalex.org/W2107580583","https://openalex.org/W2115283904","https://openalex.org/W2115296282","https://openalex.org/W2127392264","https://openalex.org/W2128284341","https://openalex.org/W2128945318","https://openalex.org/W2130174631","https://openalex.org/W2130484591","https://openalex.org/W2139194027","https://openalex.org/W2142679956","https://openalex.org/W2145696754","https://openalex.org/W2153255857","https://openalex.org/W2158310396","https://openalex.org/W2159012223","https://openalex.org/W2164207775","https://openalex.org/W2167794993","https://openalex.org/W2169949952","https://openalex.org/W2178868590","https://openalex.org/W2426168635","https://openalex.org/W2595188508","https://openalex.org/W2701103255","https://openalex.org/W2949922561","https://openalex.org/W2951521787","https://openalex.org/W4234703330","https://openalex.org/W6734299315","https://openalex.org/W6740421674"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2606296569","https://openalex.org/W2375040471","https://openalex.org/W2068158190","https://openalex.org/W2916802843","https://openalex.org/W2064660797","https://openalex.org/W1988145424","https://openalex.org/W20579766","https://openalex.org/W2601478304","https://openalex.org/W2071552392","https://openalex.org/W2765783544"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"Minimum":[1],"Variance":[2],"(MV)":[3],"wind":[4,22,36,55,91,157],"speed":[5,158],"estimator":[6,17,76,142],"for":[7,40,159],"Global":[8,171],"Navigation":[9,172],"Satellite":[10,173],"System-Reflectometry":[11],"(GNSS-R)":[12],"is":[13,18,82,105,133,143],"presented.":[14],"The":[15,74,140],"MV":[16,75,100,141],"a":[19],"composite":[20],"of":[21,109,111],"estimates":[23],"obtained":[24],"from":[25,30,52,119],"five":[26,89],"different":[27],"observables":[28],"derived":[29,51,118],"GNSS-R":[31,64,161],"Delay-Doppler":[32],"Maps":[33],"(DDMs).":[34],"Regression-based":[35],"retrievals":[37],"are":[38,50,117],"developed":[39],"each":[41,110],"individual":[42,90,113],"observable":[43],"using":[44],"empirical":[45],"geophysical":[46],"model":[47],"functions":[48],"that":[49,81,108,131],"NDBC":[53],"buoy":[54],"matchups":[56],"with":[57],"collocated":[58],"overpass":[59],"measurements":[60],"made":[61],"by":[62],"the":[63,67,78,88,95,99,112,120,123,164],"sensor":[65],"on":[66],"United":[68],"Kingdom-Disaster":[69],"Monitoring":[70],"Constellation":[71],"(UK-DMC)":[72],"satellite.":[73],"exploits":[77],"partial":[79,124],"decorrelation":[80,125],"present":[83],"between":[84,126],"residual":[85],"errors":[86,129],"in":[87,98,138],"retrievals.":[92,114],"In":[93],"particular,":[94],"RMS":[96],"error":[97],"estimator,":[101],"at":[102],"1.65":[103],"m/s,":[104],"lower":[106],"than":[107],"Although":[115],"they":[116],"same":[121],"DDM,":[122],"their":[127],"retrieval":[128],"demonstrates":[130],"there":[132],"some":[134],"unique":[135],"information":[136],"contained":[137],"them.":[139],"applied":[144],"here":[145],"to":[146,155],"UK-DMC":[147],"data,":[148],"but":[149],"it":[150],"can":[151],"be":[152],"easily":[153],"adapted":[154],"retrieve":[156],"forthcoming":[160],"missions,":[162],"including":[163],"UK's":[165],"TechDemoSat-1":[166],"(TDS-1)":[167],"and":[168],"NASA's":[169],"Cyclone":[170],"System":[174],"(CYGNSS).":[175]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}