{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2077655268","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2013.2252016","title":"Histograms of Oriented Gradients for Landmine Detection in Ground-Penetrating Radar Data","display_name":"Histograms of Oriented Gradients for Landmine Detection in Ground-Penetrating Radar Data","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-05-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2077655268","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2013.2252016","mag":"2077655268"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2013.2252016","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2013.2252016","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/36/6685854/06517972.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/36/6685854/06517972.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109056136","display_name":"Peter A. Torrione","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Peter A. Torrione","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA","Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Duke Univ., Durham, NC, USA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Duke Univ., Durham, NC, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063514515","display_name":"Kenneth D. Morton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9352-8669"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kenneth D. Morton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA","Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Duke Univ., Durham, NC, USA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Duke Univ., Durham, NC, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035137920","display_name":"Rayn Sakaguchi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0976-6219"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rayn Sakaguchi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA","Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Duke Univ., Durham, NC, USA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Duke Univ., Durham, NC, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004578492","display_name":"Leslie M. Collins","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9043-6531"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leslie M. Collins","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA","Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Duke Univ., Durham, NC, USA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Duke Univ., Durham, NC, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5109056136"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":18.5275,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":187,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99525043,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"52","issue":"3","first_page":"1539","last_page":"1550"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11739","display_name":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11757","display_name":"Seismic Waves and Analysis","score":0.989799976348877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-penetrating-radar","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","score":0.9431217908859253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clutter","display_name":"Clutter","score":0.7640945911407471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.7360680103302002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.6746376752853394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6552509069442749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5919715762138367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.5556681156158447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.516377329826355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.4788782000541687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.43917083740234375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.438916951417923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4348735213279724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.31822440028190613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.14872917532920837}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71813955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503560","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","level":3,"score":0.9431217908859253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132094186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641585","display_name":"Clutter","level":3,"score":0.7640945911407471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.7360680103302002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.6746376752853394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6552509069442749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5919715762138367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5556681156158447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.516377329826355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4788782000541687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.43917083740234375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.438916951417923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4348735213279724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.31822440028190613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.14872917532920837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2013.2252016","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2013.2252016","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/36/6685854/06517972.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2013.2252016","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2013.2252016","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/36/6685854/06517972.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.6499999761581421,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7452299184","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911NF","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","funder_display_name":"Army Research Office"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7675225862","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911NF-09-1-0487","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","funder_display_name":"Army Research Office"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G855967382","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911NF-06-1-0357","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","funder_display_name":"Army Research Office"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8998121839","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"911NF","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","funder_display_name":"Army Research Office"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337655","display_name":"Research, Development and Engineering Command","ror":"https://ror.org/02rdkx920"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","display_name":"Army Research Office","ror":"https://ror.org/05epdh915"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2077655268.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2077655268.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1569201634","https://openalex.org/W1677409904","https://openalex.org/W1975667728","https://openalex.org/W1985089564","https://openalex.org/W1987667988","https://openalex.org/W1990517717","https://openalex.org/W1996107076","https://openalex.org/W2020904335","https://openalex.org/W2031454541","https://openalex.org/W2041899715","https://openalex.org/W2073503722","https://openalex.org/W2075152950","https://openalex.org/W2096168716","https://openalex.org/W2102751024","https://openalex.org/W2102906584","https://openalex.org/W2104005225","https://openalex.org/W2108745803","https://openalex.org/W2110119381","https://openalex.org/W2111308925","https://openalex.org/W2113849075","https://openalex.org/W2119480209","https://openalex.org/W2119605622","https://openalex.org/W2121955477","https://openalex.org/W2122933942","https://openalex.org/W2124793110","https://openalex.org/W2125186487","https://openalex.org/W2138489340","https://openalex.org/W2140487331","https://openalex.org/W2144535965","https://openalex.org/W2150400482","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2151248321","https://openalex.org/W2154209944","https://openalex.org/W2157445444","https://openalex.org/W2161931647","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2162805627","https://openalex.org/W2163111749","https://openalex.org/W2163539508","https://openalex.org/W2164598857","https://openalex.org/W2165917805","https://openalex.org/W2168257184","https://openalex.org/W2168356304","https://openalex.org/W2548197316","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2999905431","https://openalex.org/W3149976863","https://openalex.org/W3210232381","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6803376173"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4315471419","https://openalex.org/W2946057701","https://openalex.org/W2374146176","https://openalex.org/W2065249286","https://openalex.org/W2366839571","https://openalex.org/W4386931161","https://openalex.org/W2027762722","https://openalex.org/W4223960160","https://openalex.org/W2356754952","https://openalex.org/W2028603514"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ground-penetrating":[0],"radar":[1],"(GPR)":[2],"is":[3,20],"a":[4,121],"powerful":[5],"and":[6,32,45,74,91,130,132],"rapidly":[7],"maturing":[8],"technology":[9],"for":[10,77,124,127],"subsurface":[11,30,59],"threat":[12],"identification.":[13],"However,":[14],"sophisticated":[15],"processing":[16],"of":[17,53,62,93,103],"GPR":[18,111,149],"data":[19],"necessary":[21],"to":[22,27,48,107,145],"reduce":[23],"false":[24],"alarms":[25],"due":[26],"naturally":[28],"occurring":[29],"clutter":[31],"soil":[33],"distortions.":[34],"Most":[35],"currently":[36],"fielded":[37],"GPR-based":[38],"landmine":[39,71,108],"detection":[40,72,109,147],"algorithms":[41,73],"utilize":[42],"feature":[43,78,98],"extraction":[44,79,99],"statistical":[46],"learning":[47],"develop":[49],"robust":[50,122],"classifiers":[51],"capable":[52],"discriminating":[54],"buried":[55],"threats":[56],"from":[57,137],"inert":[58],"structures.":[60],"Analysis":[61],"these":[63],"techniques":[64,76,136],"indicates":[65],"strong":[66],"underlying":[67],"similarities":[68],"between":[69,90],"efficient":[70],"modern":[75,95],"in":[80,110,148],"the":[81,88],"computer":[82,96,138],"vision":[83,97,139],"literature.":[84],"This":[85],"paper":[86],"explores":[87],"relationship":[89],"application":[92],"one":[94],"technique,":[100],"namely":[101],"histogram":[102],"oriented":[104],"gradients":[105],"(HOG),":[106],"data.":[112,150],"The":[113],"results":[114],"presented":[115],"indicate":[116],"that":[117,134],"HOG":[118],"features":[119],"provide":[120],"tool":[123],"target":[125,146],"identification":[126],"both":[128],"classification":[129],"prescreening":[131],"suggest":[133],"other":[135],"might":[140],"also":[141],"be":[142],"successfully":[143],"applied":[144]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
