{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2021729666","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2012.2223219","title":"A Hierarchical Approach to Change Detection in Very High Resolution SAR Images for Surveillance Applications","display_name":"A Hierarchical Approach to Change Detection in Very High Resolution SAR Images for Surveillance Applications","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-12-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2021729666","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2012.2223219","mag":"2021729666"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2012.2223219","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2012.2223219","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087668203","display_name":"Francesca Bovolo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3104-7656"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","display_name":"University of Trento","ror":"https://ror.org/05trd4x28","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Francesca Bovolo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento, Trento, Italy","Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento , Trento, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento, Trento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento , Trento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090033274","display_name":"Carlo Mar\u00edn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6987-9445"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","display_name":"University of Trento","ror":"https://ror.org/05trd4x28","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carlo Marin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento, Trento, Italy","Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento , Trento, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento, Trento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento , Trento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006095323","display_name":"Lorenzo Bruzzone","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6036-459X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","display_name":"University of Trento","ror":"https://ror.org/05trd4x28","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lorenzo Bruzzone","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento, Trento, Italy","Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento , Trento, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento, Trento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento , Trento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087668203"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.9137,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":84,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98430764,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"51","issue":"4","first_page":"2042","last_page":"2054"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12157","display_name":"Geochemistry and Geologic Mapping","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7799519896507263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.778099536895752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constellation","display_name":"Constellation","score":0.7165582776069641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/change-detection","display_name":"Change detection","score":0.7001699209213257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6839122176170349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/earth-observation","display_name":"Earth observation","score":0.5423665046691895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-resolution","display_name":"Image resolution","score":0.4643127918243408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.4388006925582886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-set","display_name":"Data set","score":0.4375024139881134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.42020106315612793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-constellation","display_name":"Satellite constellation","score":0.4111762046813965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3885919749736786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3178969621658325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.21783709526062012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.16109827160835266}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7799519896507263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.778099536895752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70352696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8928","display_name":"Constellation","level":2,"score":0.7165582776069641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203595873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25389927","display_name":"Change detection","level":2,"score":0.7001699209213257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6839122176170349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39399123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1348989","display_name":"Earth observation","level":3,"score":0.5423665046691895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205372480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Image resolution","level":2,"score":0.4643127918243408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.4388006925582886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58489278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284","display_name":"Data set","level":2,"score":0.4375024139881134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42020106315612793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779784338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q967145","display_name":"Satellite constellation","level":3,"score":0.4111762046813965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3885919749736786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3178969621658325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.21783709526062012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.16109827160835266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2012.2223219","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2012.2223219","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unitn.it:11572/34480","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11572/34480","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401913","display_name":"Institutional Research Information System (Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Trento)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","host_organization_name":"University of Trento","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7699999809265137,"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W142575998","https://openalex.org/W1541473773","https://openalex.org/W1594827532","https://openalex.org/W1965555277","https://openalex.org/W1965852574","https://openalex.org/W2022880957","https://openalex.org/W2042350279","https://openalex.org/W2049633694","https://openalex.org/W2071481167","https://openalex.org/W2078304458","https://openalex.org/W2079567379","https://openalex.org/W2100255334","https://openalex.org/W2106052468","https://openalex.org/W2110519070","https://openalex.org/W2111320133","https://openalex.org/W2120066054","https://openalex.org/W2125384310","https://openalex.org/W2126176832","https://openalex.org/W2131228247","https://openalex.org/W2135228726","https://openalex.org/W2136594891","https://openalex.org/W2139520547","https://openalex.org/W2144572173","https://openalex.org/W2144706123","https://openalex.org/W2146618204","https://openalex.org/W2150871235","https://openalex.org/W2151250213","https://openalex.org/W2152185773","https://openalex.org/W2152414269","https://openalex.org/W2165350297","https://openalex.org/W2166531069","https://openalex.org/W2166905185"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2385787340","https://openalex.org/W171734839","https://openalex.org/W4224313018","https://openalex.org/W2394459062","https://openalex.org/W2392670398","https://openalex.org/W4221033466","https://openalex.org/W2355913771","https://openalex.org/W4225291832","https://openalex.org/W3209202847","https://openalex.org/W2377622301"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,70],"availability":[1],"of":[2,30,79,87,101,105,132,138,149,154,157,167,192,195,203,212],"very":[3,37],"high":[4,61],"resolution":[5,63],"(VHR)":[6],"synthetic":[7],"aperture":[8],"radar":[9],"(SAR)":[10],"images,":[11],"which":[12],"can":[13],"be":[14],"acquired":[15,59,162],"by":[16,107,163],"satellites":[17],"over":[18],"the":[19,28,102,110,122,130,133,164,171,190,198,201,210,213],"same":[20],"geographical":[21],"area":[22],"with":[23,60],"short":[24],"repetition":[25],"interval,":[26],"makes":[27],"development":[29],"effective":[31],"unsupervised":[32],"change":[33],"detection":[34,86],"(CD)":[35],"techniques":[36],"important.":[38],"This":[39],"paper":[40],"proposes":[41],"a":[42,80,84,136,155,183,193],"hierarchical":[43],"approach":[44,72],"to":[45,128,188],"CD":[46,185],"in":[47,91,176],"VHR":[48,56,159],"SAR":[49,112,160],"images":[50,161],"for":[51,83,170],"addressing":[52],"surveillance":[53,141],"applications,":[54],"where":[55],"data":[57,146,180],"are":[58],"temporal":[62],"(e.g.,":[64,115],"one":[65],"image":[66,113],"every":[67],"few":[68],"days).":[69],"proposed":[71,134,214],"is":[73,142,151],"based":[74],"on":[75,197],"two":[76,145],"concepts:":[77],"exploitation":[78],"multiscale":[81],"technique":[82],"preliminary":[85],"areas":[88],"containing":[89],"changes":[90,106,196],"backscattering":[92],"at":[93],"different":[94],"scales":[95],"(hot":[96],"spots)":[97],"and":[98,118,121,200],"explicit":[99],"modeling":[100],"semantic":[103],"meaning":[104],"using":[108],"both":[109,189],"intrinsic":[111],"properties":[114],"acquisition":[116],"geometry":[117],"scattering":[119],"mechanisms)":[120],"available":[123],"prior":[124],"information.":[125],"In":[126],"order":[127],"illustrate":[129],"effectiveness":[131,211],"approach,":[135],"problem":[137,186],"freight":[139],"traffic":[140],"addressed":[143],"considering":[144],"sets.":[147],"Each":[148,179],"them":[150],"made":[152],"up":[153],"pair":[156],"multitemporal":[158],"COSMO-SkyMed":[165],"(COnstellation":[166],"small":[168],"Satellites":[169],"Mediterranean":[172],"basin":[173],"Observation)":[174],"constellation":[175],"spotlight":[177],"mode.":[178],"set":[181],"defines":[182],"complex":[184],"due":[187],"presence":[191],"variety":[194],"ground":[199],"complexity":[202],"object":[204],"backscattering.":[205],"Experimental":[206],"results":[207],"point":[208],"out":[209],"approach.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}