{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2088167233","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2012.2218659","title":"On Semiparametric Clutter Estimation for Ship Detection in Synthetic Aperture Radar Images","display_name":"On Semiparametric Clutter Estimation for Ship Detection in Synthetic Aperture Radar Images","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-11-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2088167233","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2012.2218659","mag":"2088167233"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2012.2218659","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2012.2218659","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://niigata-u.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/1726","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030887743","display_name":"Yi Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0973-708X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71395657","display_name":"Niigata University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ww21r56","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71395657"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan","Faculty of Engineering Niigata University,Niigata,Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71395657"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering Niigata University,Niigata,Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71395657"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037577175","display_name":"Jian Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4887-3444"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, CHINA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, CHINA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076750437","display_name":"Yoshio Yamaguchi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4144-8760"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71395657","display_name":"Niigata University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ww21r56","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71395657"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yoshio Yamaguchi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan","Faculty of Engineering Niigata University,Niigata,Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71395657"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering Niigata University,Niigata,Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71395657"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032953437","display_name":"Gulab Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7774-5997"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71395657","display_name":"Niigata University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ww21r56","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71395657"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gulab Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan","Graduate school of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71395657"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate school of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71395657"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090776574","display_name":"Sang-Eun Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0887-1348"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71395657","display_name":"Niigata University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ww21r56","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71395657"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sang-Eun Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan","Graduate school of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71395657"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate school of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71395657"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103283456","display_name":"Hirokazu Kobayashi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0352-2520"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71395657","display_name":"Niigata University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ww21r56","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71395657"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hirokazu Kobayashi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan","Faculty of Engineering Niigata University,Niigata,Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71395657"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering Niigata University,Niigata,Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71395657"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":46.5139,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":40,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99420428,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"51","issue":"5","first_page":"3170","last_page":"3180"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10500","display_name":"Sparse and Compressive Sensing Techniques","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clutter","display_name":"Clutter","score":0.7677374482154846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constant-false-alarm-rate","display_name":"Constant false alarm rate","score":0.666429340839386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.6594424247741699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5839561223983765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/copula","display_name":"Copula (linguistics)","score":0.5461845993995667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/joint-probability-distribution","display_name":"Joint probability distribution","score":0.5038358569145203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimator","display_name":"Estimator","score":0.4733569622039795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel-density-estimation","display_name":"Kernel density estimation","score":0.4469258189201355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.42448025941848755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marginal-distribution","display_name":"Marginal distribution","score":0.412739098072052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3933902680873871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3479868471622467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.290303111076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.2804233431816101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-variable","display_name":"Random variable","score":0.12491965293884277}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132094186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641585","display_name":"Clutter","level":3,"score":0.7677374482154846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77052588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q644307","display_name":"Constant false alarm rate","level":2,"score":0.666429340839386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.6594424247741699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5839561223983765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17618745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207509","display_name":"Copula (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5461845993995667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18653775","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1333358","display_name":"Joint probability distribution","level":2,"score":0.5038358569145203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.4733569622039795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71134354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q458825","display_name":"Kernel density estimation","level":3,"score":0.4469258189201355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.42448025941848755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165216359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q670653","display_name":"Marginal distribution","level":3,"score":0.412739098072052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3933902680873871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3479868471622467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.290303111076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.2804233431816101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122123141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176623","display_name":"Random variable","level":2,"score":0.12491965293884277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2012.2218659","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2012.2218659","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:irdb.nii.ac.jp:01100:0003324667","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://niigata-u.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/1726","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407056385","display_name":"Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184597095","host_organization_name":"National Institute of Informatics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184597095"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on geoscience and remote sensing","raw_type":"journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:irdb.nii.ac.jp:01100:0003324667","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://niigata-u.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/1726","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407056385","display_name":"Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184597095","host_organization_name":"National Institute of Informatics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184597095"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on geoscience and remote sensing","raw_type":"journal article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","score":0.8600000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W142575998","https://openalex.org/W1500174157","https://openalex.org/W1522070549","https://openalex.org/W1604938182","https://openalex.org/W1976281484","https://openalex.org/W2000305036","https://openalex.org/W2001249527","https://openalex.org/W2076063977","https://openalex.org/W2099609732","https://openalex.org/W2113193855","https://openalex.org/W2117461093","https://openalex.org/W2120066054","https://openalex.org/W2120704373","https://openalex.org/W2121910113","https://openalex.org/W2127172377","https://openalex.org/W2128641046","https://openalex.org/W2132617208","https://openalex.org/W2140022209","https://openalex.org/W2146330403","https://openalex.org/W2149492639","https://openalex.org/W2153464267","https://openalex.org/W2158347164","https://openalex.org/W2165039802","https://openalex.org/W2167220279","https://openalex.org/W2204289283","https://openalex.org/W2314153495","https://openalex.org/W3104298728","https://openalex.org/W4206149930","https://openalex.org/W4238717354","https://openalex.org/W6631155021","https://openalex.org/W6688170574"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3094338031","https://openalex.org/W2368545092","https://openalex.org/W2612974140","https://openalex.org/W1990836375","https://openalex.org/W1597411984","https://openalex.org/W4287578031","https://openalex.org/W1967916041","https://openalex.org/W3121618123","https://openalex.org/W2085541695","https://openalex.org/W3094363278"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,199],"statistical":[1],"behavior":[2],"of":[3,27,36,58,70,123,134,206],"the":[4,17,21,28,37,56,59,67,71,77,83,91,103,112,116,124,139,154,168,173,176,185,192],"sea":[5],"clutter":[6,39,73],"in":[7,82,203,215],"synthetic":[8],"aperture":[9],"radar":[10],"(SAR)":[11],"images":[12],"is":[13,47,79,106],"characterized":[14],"by":[15,138],"both":[16,158],"marginal":[18,68,174],"distribution":[19,69,136],"and":[20,74,100,160],"spatial":[22,93,181],"correlation.":[23],"However,":[24],"simultaneous":[25],"modeling":[26],"joint":[29,125],"information":[30],"remains":[31],"a":[32,44,97,107,120,131,204],"difficult":[33],"job":[34],"because":[35],"non-Gaussian":[38],"nature.":[40],"In":[41,153],"this":[42,51],"paper,":[43],"semiparametric":[45],"approach":[46,99],"proposed":[48,177],"for":[49,65,147],"addressing":[50],"problem.":[52],"First,":[53],"we":[54,87],"investigate":[55],"applicability":[57],"nonparametric":[60],"kernel":[61],"density":[62],"estimator":[63],"(KDE)":[64],"estimating":[66,216],"SAR":[72,162],"show":[75,101],"that":[76,102],"KDE":[78],"most":[80],"applicable":[81],"log-intensity":[84],"domain.":[85],"Second,":[86],"propose":[88],"to":[89,190],"estimate":[90],"underlying":[92],"correlation":[94],"structure":[95],"with":[96,115,157,167,188],"copula":[98,105],"Gaussian":[104,117],"sufficiently":[108],"accurate":[109],"model.":[110],"Consequently,":[111],"KDE,":[113],"together":[114],"copula,":[118],"offers":[119],"full":[121],"characterization":[122],"probability":[126],"distribution,":[127,175],"based":[128],"on":[129],"which":[130,179],"quadratic":[132],"detector":[133,170],"null":[135],"governed":[137],"well-known":[140],"chi-squared":[141],"law":[142],"can":[143],"be":[144],"conveniently":[145],"designed":[146],"constant":[148],"false":[149,207],"alarm":[150,208],"rate":[151,209],"detection.":[152],"experiment,":[155],"results":[156],"simulated":[159],"real":[161],"data":[163],"demonstrate":[164],"that,":[165],"compared":[166],"single-point":[169],"using":[171],"only":[172],"method,":[178],"incorporates":[180],"correlation,":[182],"significantly":[183],"improves":[184],"detection":[186],"performance":[187],"regard":[189],"either":[191],"receiver-operating-characteristic":[193],"curve":[194],"or":[195],"detected":[196],"target":[197],"pixels.":[198],"tradeoff,":[200],"however,":[201],"lies":[202],"loss":[205],"control":[210],"resulting":[211],"from":[212],"increased":[213],"uncertainty":[214],"higher":[217],"dimensional":[218],"distributions.":[219]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-20T07:56:41.581041","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}