{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2141074103","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2012.2207389","title":"Field-Programmable Gate Array Design of Implementing Simplex Growing Algorithm for Hyperspectral Endmember Extraction","display_name":"Field-Programmable Gate Array Design of Implementing Simplex Growing Algorithm for Hyperspectral Endmember Extraction","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-08-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2141074103","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2012.2207389","mag":"2141074103"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2012.2207389","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2012.2207389","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073412670","display_name":"Chein\u2010I Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5450-4891"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177918364","display_name":"Providence University","ror":"https://ror.org/03fcpsq87","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177918364"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79272384","display_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County","ror":"https://ror.org/02qskvh78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}],"countries":["TW","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chein-I Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Providence University, Taichung, Taiwan","Remote Sensing Signal and Image Processing Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Providence University, Taichung, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177918364"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Remote Sensing Signal and Image Processing Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101841833","display_name":"Wei Xiong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9887-049X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79272384","display_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County","ror":"https://ror.org/02qskvh78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Xiong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Remote Sensing Signal and Image Processing Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Remote Sensing Signal and Image Processing Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109347795","display_name":"Chao-Cheng Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118292597","display_name":"National Taipei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00cn92c09","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao-Cheng Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5745,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9082916,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"51","issue":"3","first_page":"1693","last_page":"1700"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11447","display_name":"Blind Source Separation Techniques","score":0.9753000140190125,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10688","display_name":"Image and Signal Denoising Methods","score":0.9611999988555908,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/endmember","display_name":"Endmember","score":0.9627504348754883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperspectral-imaging","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","score":0.8438879251480103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.8296125531196594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simplex","display_name":"Simplex","score":0.7476702928543091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gate-array","display_name":"Gate array","score":0.6973998546600342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.680759847164154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6412948966026306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.47025004029273987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm-design","display_name":"Algorithm design","score":0.4527578055858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3580904006958008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.31847649812698364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2243707776069641}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58237817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5376204","display_name":"Endmember","level":3,"score":0.9627504348754883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.8438879251480103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.8296125531196594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62438384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331350","display_name":"Simplex","level":2,"score":0.7476702928543091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114237110","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q114901","display_name":"Gate array","level":3,"score":0.6973998546600342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.680759847164154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6412948966026306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.47025004029273987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106516650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm design","level":2,"score":0.4527578055858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3580904006958008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.31847649812698364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2243707776069641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2012.2207389","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2012.2207389","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1578368825","https://openalex.org/W1976826049","https://openalex.org/W1991582882","https://openalex.org/W1998280358","https://openalex.org/W2005641495","https://openalex.org/W2021086890","https://openalex.org/W2021755911","https://openalex.org/W2025113590","https://openalex.org/W2028504713","https://openalex.org/W2048649979","https://openalex.org/W2090167465","https://openalex.org/W2092819825","https://openalex.org/W2097900616","https://openalex.org/W2098295833","https://openalex.org/W2101442390","https://openalex.org/W2114486983","https://openalex.org/W2118357699","https://openalex.org/W2132638760","https://openalex.org/W2136625467","https://openalex.org/W2136981272","https://openalex.org/W2147043781","https://openalex.org/W2151649773","https://openalex.org/W2152845485","https://openalex.org/W2165755981","https://openalex.org/W2170395949","https://openalex.org/W4248253651","https://openalex.org/W6657537061"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2037328426","https://openalex.org/W1990914742","https://openalex.org/W3106536224","https://openalex.org/W2891033441","https://openalex.org/W2006559622","https://openalex.org/W2890371384","https://openalex.org/W2315521504","https://openalex.org/W2563324120","https://openalex.org/W2040756827","https://openalex.org/W2051769241"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"N-finder":[0],"algorithm":[1,102],"(N-FINDR)":[2],"has":[3,23],"been":[4],"widely":[5],"used":[6],"for":[7,103],"endmember":[8],"extraction":[9],"in":[10,37,50,73,78],"hyperspectral":[11],"imagery.":[12],"Due":[13],"to":[14,28,40],"its":[15,69,104],"high":[16],"computational":[17],"complexity,":[18],"developing":[19],"fast":[20],"computing":[21],"N-FINDR":[22,54],"received":[24],"considerable":[25],"interest,":[26],"specifically":[27],"take":[29],"advantage":[30],"of":[31,53,58,86,95],"field-programmable":[32],"gate":[33],"array":[34],"(FPGA)":[35],"architecture":[36],"hardware":[38],"implementation":[39,106],"realize":[41],"N-FINDR.":[42],"However,":[43],"there":[44],"are":[45],"two":[46,111],"severe":[47],"drawbacks":[48],"arising":[49],"the":[51,56],"nature":[52],"design,":[55],"number":[57],"endmembers,":[59],"<i":[60],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[61],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">p</i>":[62],",":[63],"which":[64,107],"must":[65],"be":[66],"fixed":[67],"once":[68],"value":[70],"is":[71],"determined":[72],"FPGA":[74,105],"design":[75],"and":[76],"inconsistency":[77],"final":[79],"extracted":[80],"endmembers":[81],"caused":[82],"by":[83],"different":[84],"selections":[85],"initial":[87],"endmembers.":[88],"This":[89],"paper":[90],"investigates":[91],"a":[92],"progressive":[93],"version":[94],"N-FINDR,":[96],"previously":[97],"known":[98],"as":[99],"simplex":[100],"growing":[101],"can":[108],"resolve":[109],"these":[110],"issues.":[112]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}