{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1990190553","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2012.2191293","title":"Signal Processing for Microwave Array Imaging: TDC and Sparse Recovery","display_name":"Signal Processing for Microwave Array Imaging: TDC and Sparse Recovery","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-07-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1990190553","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2012.2191293","mag":"1990190553"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2012.2191293","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2012.2191293","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Shi Jun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shi Jun","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","Univ. of Electron. Sci. & Technol. of China, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Electron. Sci. & Technol. of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zhang Xiaoling","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang Xiaoling","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","Univ. of Electron. Sci. & Technol. of China, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Electron. Sci. & Technol. of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082473749","display_name":"Xiang Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1469-9126"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiang Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","Univ. of Electron. Sci. & Technol. of China, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Electron. Sci. & Technol. of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038839369","display_name":"Jianyu Jianyu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianyu Jianyu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, CN","Univ. of Electron. Sci. & Technol. of China, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, CN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Electron. Sci. & Technol. of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2816,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86926688,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"50","issue":"11","first_page":"4584","last_page":"4598"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11739","display_name":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11739","display_name":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10500","display_name":"Sparse and Compressive Sensing Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10662","display_name":"Ultrasonics and Acoustic Wave Propagation","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microwave-imaging","display_name":"Microwave imaging","score":0.7240779995918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.52695232629776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compressed-sensing","display_name":"Compressed sensing","score":0.5160384178161621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.4605381488800049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microwave","display_name":"Microwave","score":0.45592641830444336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autocorrelation","display_name":"Autocorrelation","score":0.45099329948425293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iterative-reconstruction","display_name":"Iterative reconstruction","score":0.44447576999664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matrix","display_name":"Matrix (chemical analysis)","score":0.4384552836418152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/independent-and-identically-distributed-random-variables","display_name":"Independent and identically distributed random variables","score":0.42695170640945435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4254220128059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.42267706990242004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-processing","display_name":"Signal processing","score":0.4212493300437927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-to-noise-ratio","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","score":0.4147331118583679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-variable","display_name":"Random variable","score":0.36613303422927856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.33933335542678833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2862033247947693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.24594959616661072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.2239629328250885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.18984797596931458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.1717827320098877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1331898272037506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.11307060718536377}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779885931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17010029","display_name":"Microwave imaging","level":3,"score":0.7240779995918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.52695232629776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124851039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2665459","display_name":"Compressed sensing","level":2,"score":0.5160384178161621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.4605381488800049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44838205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127995","display_name":"Microwave","level":2,"score":0.45592641830444336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5297727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786970","display_name":"Autocorrelation","level":2,"score":0.45099329948425293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141379421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6094427","display_name":"Iterative reconstruction","level":2,"score":0.44447576999664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106487976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685816","display_name":"Matrix (chemical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4384552836418152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141513077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378542","display_name":"Independent and identically distributed random variables","level":3,"score":0.42695170640945435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4254220128059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.42267706990242004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.4212493300437927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.4147331118583679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122123141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176623","display_name":"Random variable","level":2,"score":0.36613303422927856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.33933335542678833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2862033247947693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.24594959616661072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2239629328250885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.18984797596931458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.1717827320098877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1331898272037506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.11307060718536377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2012.2191293","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2012.2191293","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.6299999952316284}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W391578156","https://openalex.org/W1570133772","https://openalex.org/W1974755392","https://openalex.org/W1975494153","https://openalex.org/W1976709621","https://openalex.org/W1982897883","https://openalex.org/W1984600520","https://openalex.org/W2028781966","https://openalex.org/W2030719793","https://openalex.org/W2030898890","https://openalex.org/W2055291361","https://openalex.org/W2063522293","https://openalex.org/W2091256848","https://openalex.org/W2091849156","https://openalex.org/W2097323375","https://openalex.org/W2103519107","https://openalex.org/W2105850256","https://openalex.org/W2110244368","https://openalex.org/W2113466417","https://openalex.org/W2119667497","https://openalex.org/W2123574077","https://openalex.org/W2125680629","https://openalex.org/W2130076109","https://openalex.org/W2130107135","https://openalex.org/W2132233458","https://openalex.org/W2138774395","https://openalex.org/W2140122025","https://openalex.org/W2140609183","https://openalex.org/W2143236825","https://openalex.org/W2145250341","https://openalex.org/W2146238397","https://openalex.org/W2146508414","https://openalex.org/W2146652751","https://openalex.org/W2155473288","https://openalex.org/W2156587627","https://openalex.org/W2157387415","https://openalex.org/W2160087299","https://openalex.org/W2160252242","https://openalex.org/W2168129316","https://openalex.org/W2169326247","https://openalex.org/W3125735862","https://openalex.org/W3145958984","https://openalex.org/W6657888876"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3201815179","https://openalex.org/W2071393768","https://openalex.org/W2587863204","https://openalex.org/W4225331273","https://openalex.org/W2025263991","https://openalex.org/W2352747044","https://openalex.org/W2085475502","https://openalex.org/W2561850980","https://openalex.org/W1993767923","https://openalex.org/W2145620827"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Unlike":[0],"1-D":[1],"and":[2,37,51,75,98,141,166,173,226,232],"2-D":[3],"microwave":[4,7,21,110,152],"images,":[5],"3-D":[6,20,111,153],"image":[8,164,187],"behaves":[9],"typical":[10],"sparsity.":[11],"Consequently,":[12],"sparse":[13,96],"recovery":[14],"technique":[15],"can":[16,54,218],"be":[17,114],"used":[18],"for":[19],"signal":[22,26],"processing.":[23],"Three":[24],"popular":[25],"processing":[27],"techniques,":[28],"the":[29,56,64,81,85,92,95,99,106,136,151,160,163,184,186,189,191,196,199,210,220,227,236,250],"time-domain":[30],"correlation":[31],"method":[32,35,40,62,225,264,271],"(TDC),":[33],"pseudo-inverse":[34],"(PI),":[36],"compressed":[38],"sensing":[39],"(CS),":[41],"are":[42,78,176],"discussed":[43],"in":[44,178],"this":[45,179],"paper.":[46,180],"We":[47],"find":[48],"that":[49,204,259],"PI":[50,231,270],"CS":[52,76,174,233,263],"methods":[53,77,175],"eliminate":[55],"side-lobe":[57],"coupling":[58,221,251],"error":[59,222,252],"of":[60,66,72,84,94,101,109,119,162,168,198,201,223,230,238],"TDC":[61,224],"with":[63,126,145],"cost":[65],"additional":[67],"noise":[68,228,254],"gains.":[69,255],"The":[70],"performances":[71],"TDC,":[73,171],"PI,":[74,172],"influenced":[79],"by":[80,91,272],"autocorrelation":[82],"matrix":[83,108],"measurement":[86,107],"matrix,":[87],"which":[88],"is":[89,207,213,240,265],"determined":[90],"distribution":[93],"array":[97,205],"number":[100,167,200,212,237],"receivers.":[102],"In":[103,181,195],"general":[104],"case,":[105,183],"imaging":[112,154,192],"cannot":[113,149],"considered":[115],"as":[116],"a":[117,130],"group":[118],"independent":[120],"identically":[121],"distributed":[122],"(i.i.d.)":[123],"random":[124,139,143],"variables":[125],"zero":[127,146],"mean.":[128],"As":[129],"result,":[131],"many":[132],"properties":[133],"developed":[134],"under":[135,260],"i.i.d.":[137,142],"Gauss":[138],"variable":[140,144],"mean":[147],"hypotheses":[148],"explain":[150],"problem":[155],"accurately.":[156],"Further":[157],"discussions":[158],"on":[159,170],"effects":[161],"sparsity":[165],"receivers":[169,202,239],"presented":[177],"usual":[182],"sparser":[185],"is,":[188],"better":[190],"result":[193],"is.":[194],"aspect":[197],"(assuming":[203],"size":[206],"fixed),":[208],"when":[209],"receiver":[211],"relatively":[214],"small,":[215],"increasing":[216,243],"it":[217,244],"reduce":[219],"gains":[229],"methods.":[234],"When":[235],"large":[241],"enough,":[242],"makes":[245],"less":[246],"contribution":[247],"to":[248],"improving":[249],"or":[253],"Finally,":[256],"we":[257],"show":[258],"ill":[261],"condition,":[262],"far":[266],"more":[267],"stable":[268],"than":[269],"numerical":[273],"experiment.":[274]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-16T08:26:57.006410","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}