{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2122325233","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2011.2170078","title":"GPR Full-Waveform Sensitivity and Resolution Analysis Using an FDTD Adjoint Method","display_name":"GPR Full-Waveform Sensitivity and Resolution Analysis Using an FDTD Adjoint Method","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-10-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2122325233","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2011.2170078","mag":"2122325233"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2011.2170078","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2011.2170078","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014586648","display_name":"Giovanni Angelo Meles","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2960-9587"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["CH","GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Giovanni Angelo Meles","raw_affiliation_strings":["Earth and Planetary Science Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK","Institute of Geophysics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Earth and Planetary Science Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Geophysics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061868460","display_name":"Stewart Greenhalgh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0028-2779"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5681781","display_name":"University of Adelaide","ror":"https://ror.org/00892tw58","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}],"countries":["AU","CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stewart A. Greenhalgh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia","Institute of Geophysics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Geophysics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070992380","display_name":"Alan G. Green","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alan G. Green","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Geophysics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Geophysics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035738333","display_name":"Hansruedi Maurer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0131-1006"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hansruedi Maurer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Geophysics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Geophysics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069964049","display_name":"Jan van der Kruk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2348-1436"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171892758","display_name":"Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich","ror":"https://ror.org/02nv7yv05","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I171892758"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jan Van der Kruk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich (KFA), Julich, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich (KFA), Julich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171892758"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014586648"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864","https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.0331,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":48,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93456884,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"50","issue":"5","first_page":"1881","last_page":"1896"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10572","display_name":"Geophysical and Geoelectrical Methods","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10271","display_name":"Seismic Imaging and Inversion Techniques","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jacobian-matrix-and-determinant","display_name":"Jacobian matrix and determinant","score":0.7038280367851257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.5724735260009766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5527603626251221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5365592837333679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finite-difference-time-domain-method","display_name":"Finite-difference time-domain method","score":0.47261977195739746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hessian-matrix","display_name":"Hessian matrix","score":0.41554075479507446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iterative-reconstruction","display_name":"Iterative reconstruction","score":0.41397958993911743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.31886887550354004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/applied-mathematics","display_name":"Applied mathematics","score":0.20841890573501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.14308327436447144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.13593345880508423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09477123618125916}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200331156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506041","display_name":"Jacobian matrix and determinant","level":2,"score":0.7038280367851257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.5724735260009766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5527603626251221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5365592837333679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184880428","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1417308","display_name":"Finite-difference time-domain method","level":2,"score":0.47261977195739746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203616005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620495","display_name":"Hessian matrix","level":2,"score":0.41554075479507446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141379421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6094427","display_name":"Iterative reconstruction","level":2,"score":0.41397958993911743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.31886887550354004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.20841890573501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.14308327436447144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.13593345880508423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09477123618125916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2011.2170078","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2011.2170078","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digital.library.adelaide.edu.au:2440/72538","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2440/72538","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401835","display_name":"Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I5681781","host_organization_name":"The University of Adelaide","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2011.2170078","raw_type":"Journal article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320409","display_name":"Australian Academy of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/0186yvf62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1512208174","https://openalex.org/W1524573041","https://openalex.org/W1570895503","https://openalex.org/W1916720184","https://openalex.org/W1965884876","https://openalex.org/W1969879856","https://openalex.org/W1973013545","https://openalex.org/W2023745812","https://openalex.org/W2030348034","https://openalex.org/W2057658616","https://openalex.org/W2087644612","https://openalex.org/W2090843874","https://openalex.org/W2098858997","https://openalex.org/W2107090525","https://openalex.org/W2115893657","https://openalex.org/W2116529629","https://openalex.org/W2117762225","https://openalex.org/W2128580630","https://openalex.org/W2135170489","https://openalex.org/W2136247928","https://openalex.org/W2139127733","https://openalex.org/W2139422807","https://openalex.org/W2144535965","https://openalex.org/W2148357326","https://openalex.org/W2151141851","https://openalex.org/W2159598897","https://openalex.org/W2163111749","https://openalex.org/W2314506843","https://openalex.org/W2521461056","https://openalex.org/W2999664344","https://openalex.org/W3149976863","https://openalex.org/W4210691789","https://openalex.org/W4254313676"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2611031068","https://openalex.org/W1704347466","https://openalex.org/W4283017538","https://openalex.org/W1545275724","https://openalex.org/W2802707792","https://openalex.org/W2044904198","https://openalex.org/W1996936972","https://openalex.org/W2350095335","https://openalex.org/W2544528198","https://openalex.org/W2021936076"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Radar":[0],"tomography":[1],"is":[2,24,46,174,193],"a":[3,56,86,96,108,153,181,226],"useful":[4],"technique":[5],"for":[6,99,121,183],"mapping":[7],"the":[8,14,19,43,47,53,61,64,70,101,113,118,122,132,170,199,207,222,229,237,240],"permittivity":[9],"and":[10,76,90,124,188,235],"conductivity":[11],"distributions":[12],"in":[13,42,177,185],"shallow":[15],"subsurface.":[16],"By":[17],"exploiting":[18],"full":[20],"radar":[21],"waveforms,":[22],"it":[23,130],"possible":[25],"to":[26,51,139],"improve":[27],"resolution":[28,89,184,191,213],"and,":[29],"thus,":[30],"image":[31],"subwavelength":[32],"features":[33],"not":[34],"resolvable":[35],"using":[36,152],"ray-based":[37],"approaches.":[38],"Usually,":[39],"mere":[40],"convergence":[41],"data":[44],"space":[45],"only":[48,116],"criterion":[49],"used":[50,176],"appraise":[52],"goodness":[54],"of":[55,63,69,72,85,134,166,169,221,228,232,239],"final":[57],"result,":[58],"possibly":[59],"limiting":[60],"reliability":[62],"inversion.":[65],"A":[66,159],"better":[67],"indication":[68],"correctness":[71],"an":[73,233],"inverted":[74],"model":[75,88,190,242],"its":[77],"various":[78],"parts":[79],"could":[80],"be":[81,216],"obtained":[82],"by":[83,151],"means":[84],"formal":[87,189,212],"information":[91,205,230],"content":[92,231],"analysis.":[93],"We":[94,196],"present":[95],"novel":[97],"method":[98],"computing":[100],"sensitivity":[102,119,163,201],"functions":[103],"(Jacobian":[104],"matrix)":[105],"based":[106],"on":[107],"time-domain":[109,156],"adjoint":[110],"method.":[111,158],"Because":[112],"new":[114],"scheme":[115],"computes":[117],"values":[120,168],"transmitter":[123],"receiver":[125],"combinations":[126],"that":[127,198],"are":[128],"used,":[129],"reduces":[131],"number":[133],"forward":[135],"runs":[136],"with":[137],"respect":[138],"standard":[140,154],"brute-force":[141],"or":[142],"other":[143],"virtual-source":[144],"schemes.":[145],"The":[146,218],"procedure":[147],"has":[148],"been":[149],"implemented":[150],"finite-difference":[155],"modeling":[157],"comparison":[160],"between":[161],"cumulative":[162,200],"(column":[164],"sum":[165],"absolute":[167],"Jacobian)":[171],"images,":[172],"which":[173],"sometimes":[175],"geoelectrical":[178],"studies":[179],"as":[180],"proxy":[182],"practical":[186],"cases,":[187],"images":[192],"also":[194],"presented.":[195],"show":[197],"supplies":[202],"some":[203],"valuable":[204],"about":[206],"image,":[208],"but":[209],"when":[210],"possible,":[211],"analyses":[214],"should":[215],"performed.":[217],"eigenvalue":[219],"spectrum":[220],"pseudo-Hessian":[223],"matrix":[224],"provides":[225],"measure":[227],"experiment":[234],"shows":[236],"extent":[238],"unresolved":[241],"space.":[243]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}