{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2056764630","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2011.2166081","title":"Circular-Aperture VHF-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar for Detection of Vehicles in Forest Concealment","display_name":"Circular-Aperture VHF-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar for Detection of Vehicles in Forest Concealment","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-10-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2056764630","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2011.2166081","mag":"2056764630"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2011.2166081","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2011.2166081","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111951412","display_name":"Per\u2010Olov Fr\u00f6lind","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291458624","display_name":"Swedish Defence Research Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/0470cgs30","country_code":"SE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291458624"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Per-Olov Frolind","raw_affiliation_strings":["Swedish Defence Research Agency, Linkoping, Sweden","Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI) Link\u00f6ping Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Swedish Defence Research Agency, Linkoping, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291458624"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI) Link\u00f6ping Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291458624"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051016989","display_name":"Anders Gustavsson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291458624","display_name":"Swedish Defence Research Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/0470cgs30","country_code":"SE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291458624"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anders Gustavsson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Swedish Defence Research Agency, Linkoping, Sweden","Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI) Link\u00f6ping Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Swedish Defence Research Agency, Linkoping, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291458624"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI) Link\u00f6ping Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291458624"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113506430","display_name":"Mikael Lundberg","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291458624","display_name":"Swedish Defence Research Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/0470cgs30","country_code":"SE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291458624"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mikael Lundberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Swedish Defence Research Agency, Linkoping, Sweden","Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI) Link\u00f6ping Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Swedish Defence Research Agency, Linkoping, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291458624"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI) Link\u00f6ping Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291458624"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030673696","display_name":"Lars M. H. Ulander","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5757-9517"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291458624","display_name":"Swedish Defence Research Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/0470cgs30","country_code":"SE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291458624"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lars M. H. Ulander","raw_affiliation_strings":["Swedish Defence Research Agency, Linkoping, Sweden","Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI) Link\u00f6ping Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Swedish Defence Research Agency, Linkoping, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291458624"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI) Link\u00f6ping Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291458624"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111951412"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291458624"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.8472,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":54,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96096168,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"50","issue":"4","first_page":"1329","last_page":"1339"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.8644599914550781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6324300169944763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aperture","display_name":"Aperture (computer memory)","score":0.6240593194961548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.550585150718689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inverse-synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Inverse synthetic aperture radar","score":0.5258610248565674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/side-looking-airborne-radar","display_name":"Side looking airborne radar","score":0.472406804561615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constant-false-alarm-rate","display_name":"Constant false alarm rate","score":0.4370886981487274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.4317692518234253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-quality","display_name":"Image quality","score":0.4229609966278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.40541931986808777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.36593717336654663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.354294091463089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.35035473108291626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.33672457933425903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.28985515236854553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.20457351207733154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/continuous-wave-radar","display_name":"Continuous-wave radar","score":0.18670913577079773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.18612021207809448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.12417161464691162}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.8644599914550781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6324300169944763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78336883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4779385","display_name":"Aperture (computer memory)","level":2,"score":0.6240593194961548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.550585150718689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109094680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6060432","display_name":"Inverse synthetic aperture radar","level":4,"score":0.5258610248565674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62282787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831483","display_name":"Side looking airborne radar","level":5,"score":0.472406804561615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77052588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q644307","display_name":"Constant false alarm rate","level":2,"score":0.4370886981487274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.4317692518234253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55020928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3813865","display_name":"Image quality","level":3,"score":0.4229609966278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.40541931986808777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.36593717336654663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.354294091463089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.35035473108291626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.33672457933425903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.28985515236854553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.20457351207733154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59584813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1029234","display_name":"Continuous-wave radar","level":4,"score":0.18670913577079773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.18612021207809448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.12417161464691162}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2011.2166081","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2011.2166081","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.6100000143051147}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W154317494","https://openalex.org/W1971030394","https://openalex.org/W1983319627","https://openalex.org/W1988138990","https://openalex.org/W2020488566","https://openalex.org/W2056449724","https://openalex.org/W2077453609","https://openalex.org/W2099468682","https://openalex.org/W2114701004","https://openalex.org/W2129789077","https://openalex.org/W2137696663","https://openalex.org/W2138309738","https://openalex.org/W2138719491","https://openalex.org/W2138863700","https://openalex.org/W2140262504","https://openalex.org/W2142021087","https://openalex.org/W2155016676","https://openalex.org/W2169266507","https://openalex.org/W2170367517","https://openalex.org/W2197813562","https://openalex.org/W2537600045","https://openalex.org/W4210929428","https://openalex.org/W6645945462","https://openalex.org/W6679016177","https://openalex.org/W6687530763"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2112228652","https://openalex.org/W1994788526","https://openalex.org/W2108352898","https://openalex.org/W2108697546","https://openalex.org/W2383271330","https://openalex.org/W2547107543","https://openalex.org/W2031673444","https://openalex.org/W2758958237","https://openalex.org/W1984071739","https://openalex.org/W2157054954"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Circular-aperture":[0,45],"synthetic":[1,139],"aperture":[2],"radar":[3],"(SAR)":[4],"imaging":[5,47,64],"has":[6,129],"been":[7,40,130],"evaluated":[8,131],"using":[9,75,132],"the":[10,79,191],"airborne":[11],"very":[12],"high":[13],"frequency":[14],"(VHF)":[15],"band":[16],"Coherent":[17],"All":[18],"RAdio":[19],"BAnd":[20],"Sensing":[21],"(CARABAS)-II":[22],"system":[23],"(20-90":[24],"MHz).":[25],"Images,":[26],"as":[27,29],"well":[28],"results,":[30],"from":[31,135,174,195],"detection":[32,151,155,163,169,192],"of":[33,58,143,183,202],"vehicles":[34],"in":[35,78,122],"dense":[36],"forest":[37],"concealment":[38],"have":[39],"compared":[41,161],"with":[42,124,162],"linear-aperture":[43,166],"SAR.":[44,167],"SAR":[46],"provides":[48],"higher":[49],"image":[50,92,110,133],"resolution":[51,111],"and":[52,61,94,153],"increased":[53],"object":[54,98],"information,":[55],"but":[56],"complexity":[57],"signal":[59],"processing":[60],"requirements":[62],"on":[63,165],"geometry":[65],"accuracy":[66],"increases.":[67],"The":[68,109,168],"latter":[69],"is,":[70],"however,":[71],"partly":[72],"mitigated":[73],"by":[74],"low":[76],"frequencies":[77],"VHF":[80],"band.":[81],"A":[82],"high-quality":[83,91],"digital":[84],"elevation":[85],"model":[86],"is":[87,102,112],"used":[88,103],"to":[89,95,104,114,176,197],"ensure":[90],"focusing":[93,107],"avoid":[96],"distorting":[97],"shape.":[99],"Contrast":[100],"optimization":[101],"reduce":[105],"global":[106],"errors.":[108],"observed":[113],"be":[115],"about":[116],"1":[117],"m":[118],"<sup":[119,185,204],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[120,186,205],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>":[121,187,206],"agreement":[123],"theoretical":[125],"predictions.":[126],"Detection":[127],"performance":[128],"data":[134],"a":[136,158,179,200],"full":[137],"circular":[138],"aperture,":[140],"i.e.,":[141],"360\u00b0":[142],"aspect":[144],"angle":[145],"variation.":[146],"Results,":[147],"both":[148],"for":[149,171],"single-pass":[150],"(SPD)":[152],"change":[154],"(CD),":[156],"show":[157],"considerable":[159],"advantage":[160],"based":[164],"probability":[170,193],"SPD":[172],"increases":[173,194],"0.4":[175],"0.8":[177],"at":[178,199],"false-alarm":[180],"rate":[181],"(FAR)":[182],"30/km":[184],".":[188,207],"For":[189],"CD,":[190],"0.7":[196],"0.9":[198],"FAR":[201],"2/km":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}