{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2002949163","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2011.2160069","title":"Ultrawideband Gated Step Frequency Ground-Penetrating Radar","display_name":"Ultrawideband Gated Step Frequency Ground-Penetrating Radar","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-08-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2002949163","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2011.2160069","mag":"2002949163"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2011.2160069","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2011.2160069","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109113892","display_name":"Mats J\u00f8rgen \u00d8yan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163244428","display_name":"Norwegian Defence Research Establishment","ror":"https://ror.org/0098gnz32","country_code":"NO","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163244428"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mats J\u00f8rgen Oyan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Kjeller, Norway","Norwegian Defence Res. Establ., Kjeller, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Kjeller, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163244428"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Norwegian Defence Res. Establ., Kjeller, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163244428"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008551871","display_name":"Svein\u2010Erik Hamran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1078-449X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163244428","display_name":"Norwegian Defence Research Establishment","ror":"https://ror.org/0098gnz32","country_code":"NO","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163244428"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Svein-Erik Hamran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Kjeller, Norway","Norwegian Defence Res. Establ., Kjeller, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Kjeller, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163244428"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Norwegian Defence Res. Establ., Kjeller, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163244428"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061682534","display_name":"Leif Hanssen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163244428","display_name":"Norwegian Defence Research Establishment","ror":"https://ror.org/0098gnz32","country_code":"NO","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163244428"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leif Hanssen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Kjeller, Norway","Norwegian Defence Res. Establ., Kjeller, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Kjeller, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163244428"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Norwegian Defence Res. Establ., Kjeller, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163244428"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045288664","display_name":"Tor Berger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7998-5093"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163244428","display_name":"Norwegian Defence Research Establishment","ror":"https://ror.org/0098gnz32","country_code":"NO","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163244428"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tor Berger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Kjeller, Norway","Norwegian Defence Res. Establ., Kjeller, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Kjeller, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163244428"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Norwegian Defence Res. Establ., Kjeller, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163244428"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004806549","display_name":"Dirk Plettemeier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8229-3932"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78650965","display_name":"TU Dresden","ror":"https://ror.org/042aqky30","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78650965"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dirk Plettemeier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, Dresden, Germany","Tech. Univ. Dresden, Dresden, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, Dresden, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78650965"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tech. Univ. Dresden, Dresden, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78650965"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5109113892"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163244428"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.4414,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":48,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98031902,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"50","issue":"1","first_page":"212","last_page":"220"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10535","display_name":"Landslides and related hazards","score":0.9927999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.6918477416038513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6735121607780457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/continuous-wave-radar","display_name":"Continuous-wave radar","score":0.594780683517456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.5904185771942139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-lock-on","display_name":"Radar lock-on","score":0.5531493425369263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-engineering-details","display_name":"Radar engineering details","score":0.5489115118980408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fire-control-radar","display_name":"Fire-control radar","score":0.5142447352409363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.5087149739265442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-penetrating-radar","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","score":0.4904806315898895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.45815786719322205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse-doppler-radar","display_name":"Pulse-Doppler radar","score":0.44783854484558105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bistatic-radar","display_name":"Bistatic radar","score":0.4406471848487854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.41478240489959717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.38316085934638977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1638733148574829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.14270004630088806}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.6918477416038513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6735121607780457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59584813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1029234","display_name":"Continuous-wave radar","level":4,"score":0.594780683517456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.5904185771942139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185565061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6878284","display_name":"Radar lock-on","level":5,"score":0.5531493425369263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134406370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q832005","display_name":"Radar engineering details","level":4,"score":0.5489115118980408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84236424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1028695","display_name":"Fire-control radar","level":5,"score":0.5142447352409363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.5087149739265442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71813955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503560","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","level":3,"score":0.4904806315898895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.45815786719322205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139931591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1029151","display_name":"Pulse-Doppler radar","level":4,"score":0.44783854484558105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100102862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625855","display_name":"Bistatic radar","level":4,"score":0.4406471848487854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.41478240489959717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.38316085934638977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1638733148574829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.14270004630088806}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2011.2160069","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2011.2160069","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1566316235","https://openalex.org/W2006177958","https://openalex.org/W2073285883","https://openalex.org/W2104917389","https://openalex.org/W2110967869","https://openalex.org/W2112908033","https://openalex.org/W2124161701","https://openalex.org/W2131125366","https://openalex.org/W2141347633","https://openalex.org/W2147517352","https://openalex.org/W2149716647","https://openalex.org/W2161255875","https://openalex.org/W2162834090","https://openalex.org/W2167134610","https://openalex.org/W2169446348","https://openalex.org/W2293716587","https://openalex.org/W2504091660"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4380451819","https://openalex.org/W2068771776","https://openalex.org/W2807545795","https://openalex.org/W597465370","https://openalex.org/W1632305101","https://openalex.org/W2188008291","https://openalex.org/W2104427713","https://openalex.org/W1551178665","https://openalex.org/W2394311354","https://openalex.org/W2791782170"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,6,76],"describe":[1],"a":[2,47],"prototype":[3],"ultrawideband":[4],"radar.":[5],"show":[7],"how":[8,14],"the":[9,15,20,31,58,70,74,82,116,123],"system":[10,83],"was":[11,17],"designed":[12],"and":[13,27,73,93,99,120],"hardware":[16],"developed":[18,119],"for":[19,30],"radar":[21,25,38,65],"prototype.":[22],"Waveform":[23],"generation,":[24],"parameters,":[26],"signal":[28],"processing":[29],"stepped":[32,59],"frequency":[33,60],"waveform":[34,72],"are":[35,88],"discussed.":[36],"The":[37,55,86],"operates":[39],"from":[40,96],"500":[41],"MHz":[42],"to":[43,80],"3":[44],"GHz":[45],"with":[46,90,115],"nominal":[48],"resolution":[49],"of":[50,57,106],"6":[51],"cm":[52],"in":[53,101,122],"air.":[54],"advantage":[56],"approach":[61],"over":[62],"an":[63],"impulse":[64],"is":[66],"better":[67],"matching":[68],"between":[69],"transmitted":[71],"receiver.":[75],"use":[77],"range":[78],"gating":[79],"improve":[81],"dynamic":[84],"range.":[85],"advantages":[87],"illustrated":[89],"laboratory":[91],"measurements":[92,95],"field":[94],"glacial":[97],"ice":[98],"permafrost":[100],"Svalbard,":[102],"showing":[103],"penetration":[104],"depths":[105],"11":[107],"m.":[108],"Antennas":[109],"which":[110],"do":[111],"not":[112],"require":[113],"contact":[114],"ground":[117],"were":[118],"used":[121],"experiments.":[124]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}