{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2117274603","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2011.2121074","title":"Evaluation of Water Permittivity Models From Ground-Based Observations of Cold Clouds at Frequencies Between 23 and 170 GHz","display_name":"Evaluation of Water Permittivity Models From Ground-Based Observations of Cold Clouds at Frequencies Between 23 and 170 GHz","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-05-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2117274603","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2011.2121074","mag":"2117274603"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2011.2121074","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2011.2121074","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036287203","display_name":"Maria Cadeddu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6430-0585"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282105669","display_name":"Argonne National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/05gvnxz63","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282105669","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria P. Cadeddu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282105669"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051549321","display_name":"David D. Turner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1097-897X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092927","display_name":"NOAA National Severe Storms Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/00gd1f947","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1308126019","https://openalex.org/I1343035065","https://openalex.org/I2802992173","https://openalex.org/I4210092927"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David D. Turner","raw_affiliation_strings":["NOAA/National Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman, OK, USA","University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, WI, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NOAA/National Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman, OK, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092927"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, WI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7739,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89355853,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"49","issue":"8","first_page":"2999","last_page":"3008"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10347","display_name":"Atmospheric aerosols and clouds","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liquid-water-path","display_name":"Liquid water path","score":0.8417341709136963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/permittivity","display_name":"Permittivity","score":0.6968601942062378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microwave","display_name":"Microwave","score":0.647377073764801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extrapolation","display_name":"Extrapolation","score":0.6003782749176025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiative-transfer","display_name":"Radiative transfer","score":0.5892031192779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microwave-radiometer","display_name":"Microwave radiometer","score":0.5654683709144592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.5432596802711487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/absorption","display_name":"Absorption (acoustics)","score":0.48761072754859924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supercooling","display_name":"Supercooling","score":0.48456111550331116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.48352718353271484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dielectric","display_name":"Dielectric","score":0.467628538608551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiometer","display_name":"Radiometer","score":0.46753713488578796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4440896213054657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-physics","display_name":"Computational physics","score":0.4284715950489044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-sciences","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","score":0.39088016748428345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.289966881275177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.2843407392501831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.213477224111557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.14715614914894104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.1298600137233734}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778516841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6557487","display_name":"Liquid water path","level":3,"score":0.8417341709136963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168651791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211569","display_name":"Permittivity","level":3,"score":0.6968601942062378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44838205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127995","display_name":"Microwave","level":2,"score":0.647377073764801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132459708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744069","display_name":"Extrapolation","level":2,"score":0.6003782749176025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74902906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1190858","display_name":"Radiative transfer","level":2,"score":0.5892031192779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96960616","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3814470","display_name":"Microwave radiometer","level":3,"score":0.5654683709144592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5432596802711487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125287762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1758948","display_name":"Absorption (acoustics)","level":2,"score":0.48761072754859924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112964491","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213659","display_name":"Supercooling","level":2,"score":0.48456111550331116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.48352718353271484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133386390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184996","display_name":"Dielectric","level":2,"score":0.467628538608551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120189094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850281","display_name":"Radiometer","level":2,"score":0.46753713488578796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4440896213054657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30475298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909554","display_name":"Computational physics","level":1,"score":0.4284715950489044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.39088016748428345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.289966881275177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.2843407392501831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.213477224111557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.14715614914894104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.1298600137233734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2011.2121074","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2011.2121074","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","score":0.8399999737739563,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313987","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Cagliari","ror":"https://ror.org/003109y17"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W26381515","https://openalex.org/W1532691246","https://openalex.org/W1637979603","https://openalex.org/W1966866972","https://openalex.org/W1988457116","https://openalex.org/W1992158014","https://openalex.org/W1998391450","https://openalex.org/W2003366401","https://openalex.org/W2003377970","https://openalex.org/W2004497841","https://openalex.org/W2004743298","https://openalex.org/W2014079461","https://openalex.org/W2024443645","https://openalex.org/W2057978013","https://openalex.org/W2059263973","https://openalex.org/W2068074722","https://openalex.org/W2069500712","https://openalex.org/W2070321532","https://openalex.org/W2070397898","https://openalex.org/W2080964149","https://openalex.org/W2097628718","https://openalex.org/W2107011042","https://openalex.org/W2116239281","https://openalex.org/W2119525553","https://openalex.org/W2124202701","https://openalex.org/W2127868951","https://openalex.org/W2130422287","https://openalex.org/W2131542468","https://openalex.org/W2134861810","https://openalex.org/W2137975163","https://openalex.org/W2140771520","https://openalex.org/W2144325766","https://openalex.org/W2152997752","https://openalex.org/W2153374781","https://openalex.org/W2155537325","https://openalex.org/W2162581209","https://openalex.org/W2170820973","https://openalex.org/W2172716116","https://openalex.org/W2297420746","https://openalex.org/W3023366752","https://openalex.org/W6636816312"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2381259876","https://openalex.org/W2016007472","https://openalex.org/W2360231461","https://openalex.org/W2413930784","https://openalex.org/W2140108161","https://openalex.org/W2005776842","https://openalex.org/W1983957298","https://openalex.org/W2165236048","https://openalex.org/W2013323393","https://openalex.org/W2388976256"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"retrievals":[1],"of":[2,15,23,41,58,62,78,85,105,117,127,144,151,169,173,190],"liquid":[3,42,93,106,155],"water":[4,107,161],"path":[5],"(LWP)":[6],"from":[7,50,114,124],"passive":[8],"microwave":[9,52,86],"radiometers":[10,53],"rely":[11],"on":[12],"the":[13,21,38,59,79,125,142,149,160,170,183,187],"use":[14,48,143],"radiative":[16],"transfer":[17],"models":[18,57,147],"to":[19,54,82,137,139,200],"describe":[20],"absorption":[22,34,87],"radiation":[24],"by":[25,37,186],"various":[26],"atmospheric":[27,33],"components.":[28],"When":[29],"clouds":[30,94],"are":[31,66,121,166],"present,":[32],"is":[35,81,136],"affected":[36],"dielectric":[39,146],"properties":[40],"water.":[43,63],"In":[44],"this":[45,110,134],"paper,":[46],"we":[47],"measurements":[49,84,119],"four":[51,56],"assess":[55],"complex":[60],"permittivity":[61,108,162],"The":[64,76],"observations":[65],"collected":[67],"at":[68,163,192,194],"five":[69],"frequencies":[70,193],"between":[71,98],"23.8":[72],"and":[73,101,120,195],"170":[74],"GHz.":[75],"purpose":[77],"study":[80],"compare":[83],"with":[88],"model":[89],"computations":[90],"in":[91,109,153,158,176],"supercooled":[92,154,177],"that":[95,180],"have":[96],"temperatures":[97,165],"0":[99],"\u00b0C":[100],"-30":[102],"\u00b0C.":[103],"Models":[104],"temperature":[111],"range":[112],"suffer":[113],"a":[115],"lack":[116],"laboratory":[118],"generally":[122],"derived":[123],"extrapolation":[126],"available":[128],"data.":[129],"An":[130],"additional":[131],"rationale":[132],"for":[133],"work":[135],"examine":[138],"what":[140],"degree":[141],"different":[145],"affects":[148],"retrieval":[150,174],"LWP":[152],"clouds.":[156],"Inaccuracies":[157],"modeling":[159],"low":[164],"likely":[167],"one":[168],"largest":[171],"sources":[172],"uncertainty":[175,179],"clouds,":[178],"could":[181],"offset":[182],"advantages":[184],"offered":[185],"enhanced":[188],"sensitivity":[189],"channels":[191],"above":[196],"90":[197],"GHz":[198],"relative":[199],"lower":[201],"frequencies.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
