{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2116691103","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2011.2116158","title":"Statistical Analysis of VHF-Band Tree Backscattering Using Forest Ground Truth Data and PO Scattering Model","display_name":"Statistical Analysis of VHF-Band Tree Backscattering Using Forest Ground Truth Data and PO Scattering Model","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-04-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2116691103","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2011.2116158","mag":"2116691103"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2011.2116158","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2011.2116158","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052021484","display_name":"Anatoliy A. Kononov","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","display_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/040wg7k59","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. A. Kononov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Goteborg, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Goteborg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060427896","display_name":"A. Wyholt","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","display_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/040wg7k59","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Wyholt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Goteborg, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Goteborg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111970386","display_name":"G. Sandberg","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","display_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/040wg7k59","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. Sandberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Goteborg, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Goteborg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030673696","display_name":"Lars M. H. Ulander","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5757-9517"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291458624","display_name":"Swedish Defence Research Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/0470cgs30","country_code":"SE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291458624"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","display_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/040wg7k59","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. M. H. Ulander","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Goteborg, Sweden","Swedish Defence Research Agency, Linkoping, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Goteborg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Swedish Defence Research Agency, Linkoping, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291458624"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5965,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83506214,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"49","issue":"8","first_page":"3035","last_page":"3046"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9811000227928162,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clutter","display_name":"Clutter","score":0.7365645170211792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.7048686742782593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.6452823281288147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-truth","display_name":"Ground truth","score":0.6397562623023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/log-normal-distribution","display_name":"Log-normal distribution","score":0.6287095546722412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scattering","display_name":"Scattering","score":0.5534390211105347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-model","display_name":"Statistical model","score":0.504529595375061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplitude","display_name":"Amplitude","score":0.482557475566864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.4786463975906372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gamma-distribution","display_name":"Gamma distribution","score":0.4535353183746338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.4285306930541992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.36388397216796875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-physics","display_name":"Computational physics","score":0.358935683965683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.3560022711753845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.31259477138519287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.24457243084907532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2221217155456543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.21251389384269714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.11582514643669128}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132094186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641585","display_name":"Clutter","level":3,"score":0.7365645170211792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.7048686742782593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.6452823281288147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.6397562623023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151620405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q826116","display_name":"Log-normal distribution","level":2,"score":0.6287095546722412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191486275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Scattering","level":2,"score":0.5534390211105347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114289077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3284399","display_name":"Statistical model","level":2,"score":0.504529595375061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180205008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159190","display_name":"Amplitude","level":2,"score":0.482557475566864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.4786463975906372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149717495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117806","display_name":"Gamma distribution","level":2,"score":0.4535353183746338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4285306930541992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.36388397216796875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30475298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909554","display_name":"Computational physics","level":1,"score":0.358935683965683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3560022711753845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.31259477138519287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.24457243084907532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2221217155456543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.21251389384269714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.11582514643669128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2011.2116158","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2011.2116158","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.lib.chalmers.se:147527","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/publication/147527-statistical-analysis-of-vhf-band-tree-backscattering-using-forest-ground-truth-data-and-po-scatterin","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196470","display_name":"Chalmers Publication Library (Chalmers University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","host_organization_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text.Article.Journal.PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research.chalmers.se:147527","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.chalmers.se/en/publication/147527","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402469","display_name":"Chalmers Research (Chalmers University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","host_organization_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.6700000166893005,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322582","display_name":"Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet","ror":"https://ror.org/02yy8x990"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W84227776","https://openalex.org/W1557242653","https://openalex.org/W1579271636","https://openalex.org/W1914674302","https://openalex.org/W1982700647","https://openalex.org/W1988138990","https://openalex.org/W2030359906","https://openalex.org/W2056449724","https://openalex.org/W2060944930","https://openalex.org/W2071734541","https://openalex.org/W2077453609","https://openalex.org/W2090736953","https://openalex.org/W2094570285","https://openalex.org/W2096239413","https://openalex.org/W2102468659","https://openalex.org/W2103509420","https://openalex.org/W2106777535","https://openalex.org/W2113688755","https://openalex.org/W2122204280","https://openalex.org/W2122981588","https://openalex.org/W2126413832","https://openalex.org/W2131914097","https://openalex.org/W2134392507","https://openalex.org/W2135324386","https://openalex.org/W2138309738","https://openalex.org/W2140262504","https://openalex.org/W2147567686","https://openalex.org/W2148081259","https://openalex.org/W2159626908","https://openalex.org/W2162948578","https://openalex.org/W2166698530","https://openalex.org/W2167844758","https://openalex.org/W2169266507","https://openalex.org/W2170077957","https://openalex.org/W2171252665","https://openalex.org/W2475795489","https://openalex.org/W2476917595","https://openalex.org/W2488678869","https://openalex.org/W2797746357","https://openalex.org/W3101173545","https://openalex.org/W4238717354","https://openalex.org/W4254808458","https://openalex.org/W6603383834"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3006564460","https://openalex.org/W2047327394","https://openalex.org/W2286404593","https://openalex.org/W1982653967","https://openalex.org/W248402042","https://openalex.org/W272352021","https://openalex.org/W972385969","https://openalex.org/W3150496023","https://openalex.org/W2033908644","https://openalex.org/W2110978023"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"analyzes":[2],"the":[3,7,57,74,86,114,119,126],"statistical":[4],"properties":[5],"of":[6,67,139],"very":[8],"high":[9],"frequency":[10],"(VHF)-band":[11],"radar":[12,146],"backscattering":[13,59],"from":[14,39],"coniferous":[15],"trees":[16,87],"by":[17],"incorporating":[18],"forest":[19,140],"ground":[20,46],"truth":[21],"data":[22,122],"into":[23,99],"a":[24,52,65,81],"physical-optics":[25],"(PO)":[26],"model":[27,55,76,84,121],"that":[28,51,124],"assumes":[29],"horizontally":[30],"transmit":[31],"and":[32,35,73],"receive":[33],"polarizations":[34],"dominant":[36],"double-bounce":[37],"scattering":[38],"vertical":[40],"stems":[41],"standing":[42],"on":[43],"an":[44,92,109],"undulating":[45],"surface.":[47],"The":[48,101,129],"analysis":[49],"shows":[50],"statistically":[53,136],"adequate":[54,137],"for":[56,125,142],"tree":[58],"amplitude":[60],"can":[61,77,131],"be":[62,78,97,132],"presented":[63],"as":[64],"mixture":[66,75],"generalized":[68,102],"gamma":[69,103],"or":[70],"lognormal":[71,127],"distribution,":[72],"reduced":[79],"to":[80,96,107,113,134],"single":[82],"density":[83,104],"if":[85],"with":[88,118],"trunk":[89],"volumes":[90],"exceeding":[91],"appropriate":[93],"threshold":[94],"are":[95],"taken":[98],"account.":[100],"is":[105],"shown":[106],"provide":[108],"appreciably":[110],"better":[111],"fit":[112],"exceedance":[115],"functions":[116],"associated":[117],"PO":[120],"than":[123],"density.":[128],"results":[130],"used":[133],"design":[135],"models":[138],"clutter":[141],"VHF":[143],"synthetic":[144],"aperture":[145],"systems.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
