{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2161567984","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2010.2058579","title":"Improving Discrimination of Savanna Tree Species Through a Multiple-Endmember Spectral Angle Mapper Approach: Canopy-Level Analysis","display_name":"Improving Discrimination of Savanna Tree Species Through a Multiple-Endmember Spectral Angle Mapper Approach: Canopy-Level Analysis","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2161567984","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2010.2058579","mag":"2161567984"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2010.2058579","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2010.2058579","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://research.wur.nl/en/publications/improving-discrimination-of-savanna-tree-species-through-a-multip","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022441956","display_name":"Moses Azong Cho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8278-2111"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Moses Azong Cho","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002114687","display_name":"Pravesh Debba","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4870-988X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pravesh Debba","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085486002","display_name":"Renaud Mathieu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8520-7358"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Renaud Mathieu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004803712","display_name":"Laven Naidoo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7091-0566"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laven Naidoo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085740223","display_name":"Jan van Aardt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3036-0088"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jan van Aardt","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035372982","display_name":"Gregory P. Asner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7893-6421"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gregory P. Asner","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022441956"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.562,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":149,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98620286,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10895","display_name":"Species Distribution and Climate Change","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2302","display_name":"Ecological Modeling"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9909999966621399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/endmember","display_name":"Endmember","score":0.9503348469734192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acacia","display_name":"Acacia","score":0.5854222178459167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jackknife-resampling","display_name":"Jackknife resampling","score":0.5830206871032715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deciduous","display_name":"Deciduous","score":0.57563716173172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/canopy","display_name":"Canopy","score":0.5412404537200928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evergreen","display_name":"Evergreen","score":0.522179126739502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combretaceae","display_name":"Combretaceae","score":0.4547807276248932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.43965384364128113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperspectral-imaging","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","score":0.43764299154281616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.37634822726249695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/botany","display_name":"Botany","score":0.31734466552734375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.24786704778671265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2100471556186676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.11907380819320679}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58237817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5376204","display_name":"Endmember","level":3,"score":0.9503348469734192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780713402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81666","display_name":"Acacia","level":2,"score":0.5854222178459167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81790035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847158","display_name":"Jackknife resampling","level":3,"score":0.5830206871032715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33283694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1131316","display_name":"Deciduous","level":2,"score":0.57563716173172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101000010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5033434","display_name":"Canopy","level":2,"score":0.5412404537200928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177924670","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190489","display_name":"Evergreen","level":2,"score":0.522179126739502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780096663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44002","display_name":"Combretaceae","level":2,"score":0.4547807276248932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.43965384364128113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.43764299154281616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.37634822726249695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.31734466552734375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.24786704778671265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2100471556186676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.11907380819320679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2010.2058579","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2010.2058579","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:wur:oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/398589","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.wur.nl/en/publications/improving-discrimination-of-savanna-tree-species-through-a-multip","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401843","display_name":"Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1322597698","host_organization_name":"Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322597698"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 48(11), 4133 - 4142","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:wur:oai:library.wur.nl:wurpubs/398589","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.wur.nl/en/publications/improving-discrimination-of-savanna-tree-species-through-a-multip","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401843","display_name":"Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1322597698","host_organization_name":"Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322597698"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 48(11), 4133 - 4142","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5199999809265137,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"},{"score":0.41999998688697815,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322663","display_name":"Universiteit Stellenbosch","ror":"https://ror.org/05bk57929"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335551","display_name":"Erasmus+","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W51106753","https://openalex.org/W108244150","https://openalex.org/W1727365125","https://openalex.org/W1893042733","https://openalex.org/W1966285673","https://openalex.org/W1966798775","https://openalex.org/W1974416151","https://openalex.org/W1987097445","https://openalex.org/W1988693579","https://openalex.org/W1988906717","https://openalex.org/W1995094971","https://openalex.org/W2010319424","https://openalex.org/W2013968785","https://openalex.org/W2015258183","https://openalex.org/W2017834421","https://openalex.org/W2018984986","https://openalex.org/W2020127479","https://openalex.org/W2029820141","https://openalex.org/W2030233869","https://openalex.org/W2046404820","https://openalex.org/W2051328948","https://openalex.org/W2070029724","https://openalex.org/W2070503188","https://openalex.org/W2084502283","https://openalex.org/W2093675281","https://openalex.org/W2094304765","https://openalex.org/W2096599785","https://openalex.org/W2103626949","https://openalex.org/W2109191549","https://openalex.org/W2111548551","https://openalex.org/W2113818227","https://openalex.org/W2117671957","https://openalex.org/W2121102297","https://openalex.org/W2127559745","https://openalex.org/W2128199995","https://openalex.org/W2134717732","https://openalex.org/W2136635809","https://openalex.org/W2136783177","https://openalex.org/W2138973222","https://openalex.org/W2143132877","https://openalex.org/W2143457518","https://openalex.org/W2144841545","https://openalex.org/W2144881411","https://openalex.org/W2148234194","https://openalex.org/W2153665553","https://openalex.org/W2160025587","https://openalex.org/W2163689283","https://openalex.org/W2171183134","https://openalex.org/W3021793246","https://openalex.org/W6637763297","https://openalex.org/W6639528514","https://openalex.org/W6731865365"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2136635809","https://openalex.org/W2018409903","https://openalex.org/W2122965290","https://openalex.org/W2039688465","https://openalex.org/W2051369786","https://openalex.org/W2006559622","https://openalex.org/W4214827030","https://openalex.org/W2955751284","https://openalex.org/W2954177691","https://openalex.org/W2766192266"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Differences":[0],"in":[1,56,132],"within-species":[2],"phenology":[3],"and":[4,17,23,64,108,199],"structure":[5],"are":[6,38],"controlled":[7],"by":[8,165],"genetic":[9],"variation,":[10],"as":[11,13,39],"well":[12],"topography,":[14],"edaphic":[15],"properties,":[16],"climatic":[18],"variables":[19],"across":[20],"the":[21,44,68,71,87,121,146,153,157,167,172,191,205],"landscape,":[22],"present":[24],"important":[25,139],"challenges":[26],"to":[27,42,66,190],"species":[28,63,89,151,210],"differentiation":[29],"with":[30,70,152],"remote":[31],"sensing.":[32],"The":[33,82],"objectives":[34],"of":[35,47,86,148,159,182,207],"this":[36],"paper":[37],"follows:":[40],"1)":[41,141],"evaluate":[43],"classification":[45,54,206,224],"performance":[46],"a":[48,77,177],"multiple-endmember":[49,168],"spectral":[50,84,143,161],"angle":[51],"mapper":[52],"(SAM)":[53],"approach":[55,175],"discriminating":[57],"ten":[58],"common":[59],"African":[60],"savanna":[61,149,208],"tree":[62,88,150,209],"2)":[65,156],"compare":[67],"results":[69],"traditional":[72,192],"SAM":[73,154,193],"classifier":[74],"based":[75],"on":[76],"single":[78],"endmember":[79,174],"per":[80],"species.":[81],"canopy":[83],"reflectance":[85],"(Acacia":[90],"nigrescens,":[91],"Combretum":[92,94],"apiculatum,":[93],"imberbe,":[95],"Dichrostachys":[96],"cinerea,":[97],"Euclea":[98],"natalensis,":[99],"Gymnosporia":[100],"buxifolia,":[101],"Lonchocarpus":[102],"capassa,":[103],"Pterocarpus":[104],"rotundifolius,":[105],"Sclerocarya":[106],"birrea,":[107],"Terminalia":[109],"sericea)":[110],"was":[111,118,163],"extracted":[112],"from":[113],"airborne":[114],"hyperspectral":[115],"imagery":[116],"that":[117],"acquired":[119],"using":[120],"Carnegie":[122],"Airborne":[123],"Observatory":[124],"system":[125],"over":[126],"Kruger":[127],"National":[128],"Park,":[129],"South":[130],"Africa,":[131],"May":[133],"2008.":[134],"This":[135],"study":[136],"highlights":[137],"three":[138],"phenomena:":[140],"Intraspecies":[142],"variability":[144,162],"affected":[145],"discrimination":[147],"classifier;":[155],"effect":[158],"intraspecies":[160],"minimized":[164],"adopting":[166],"approach,":[169],"e.":[170],"g.,":[171],"multiple-":[173],"produced":[176],"higher":[178],"overall":[179,195,213,223],"accuracy":[180,196,215],"(mean":[181,194],"54.5%":[183],"for":[184,218,228,232],"20":[185,219],"bootstrapped":[186,220],"replicates)":[187],"when":[188],"compared":[189],"=":[197],"20.5%);":[198],"3)":[200],"targeted":[201],"band":[202],"selection":[203],"improved":[204],"(the":[211],"mean":[212],"percent":[214],"is":[216],"57%":[217],"replicates).":[221],"Higher":[222],"accuracies":[225],"were":[226],"observed":[227],"evergreen":[229],"trees":[230],"than":[231],"deciduous":[233],"trees.":[234]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
