{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2003015036","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2010.2051952","title":"Physical Limitations on Detecting Tunnels Using Underground-Focusing Spotlight Synthetic Aperture Radar","display_name":"Physical Limitations on Detecting Tunnels Using Underground-Focusing Spotlight Synthetic Aperture Radar","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-08-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2003015036","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2010.2051952","mag":"2003015036"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2010.2051952","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2010.2051952","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036097599","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 \u00c1. Mart\u00ednez-Lorenzo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0924-8112"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jose Angel Martinez-Lorenzo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Berard Gordon Center for Subsurface Sensing and Imaging Systems, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","Berard Gordon Center for Subsurface Sensing & Imaging Syst., Northeastern Univ., Boston, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Berard Gordon Center for Subsurface Sensing and Imaging Systems, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Berard Gordon Center for Subsurface Sensing & Imaging Syst., Northeastern Univ., Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084763215","display_name":"Carey M. Rappaport","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9441-9114"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carey M. Rappaport","raw_affiliation_strings":["Berard Gordon Center for Subsurface Sensing and Imaging Systems, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","Berard Gordon Center for Subsurface Sensing & Imaging Syst., Northeastern Univ., Boston, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Berard Gordon Center for Subsurface Sensing and Imaging Systems, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Berard Gordon Center for Subsurface Sensing & Imaging Syst., Northeastern Univ., Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072824338","display_name":"Fernando Quivira","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fernando Quivira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Berard Gordon Center for Subsurface Sensing and Imaging Systems, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","Berard Gordon Center for Subsurface Sensing & Imaging Syst., Northeastern Univ., Boston, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Berard Gordon Center for Subsurface Sensing and Imaging Systems, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Berard Gordon Center for Subsurface Sensing & Imaging Syst., Northeastern Univ., Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5036097599"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":18.5229826,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":67,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99474762,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"49","issue":"1","first_page":"65","last_page":"70"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11739","display_name":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10271","display_name":"Seismic Imaging and Inversion Techniques","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.7525185346603394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-penetrating-radar","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","score":0.6918778419494629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/loam","display_name":"Loam","score":0.6677204966545105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clutter","display_name":"Clutter","score":0.6225375533103943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.6150790452957153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5941263437271118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-roughness","display_name":"Surface roughness","score":0.550368070602417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-wave","display_name":"Surface wave","score":0.5340415835380554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aperture","display_name":"Aperture (computer memory)","score":0.4419260621070862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/refraction","display_name":"Refraction","score":0.4374697804450989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-finish","display_name":"Surface finish","score":0.434325635433197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.35417085886001587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.2853004038333893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.2258663773536682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.21816939115524292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-science","display_name":"Soil science","score":0.1708555817604065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-water","display_name":"Soil water","score":0.16821429133415222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.10452622175216675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.10211986303329468}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.7525185346603394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71813955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503560","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","level":3,"score":0.6918778419494629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113578266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1131303","display_name":"Loam","level":3,"score":0.6677204966545105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132094186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641585","display_name":"Clutter","level":3,"score":0.6225375533103943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.6150790452957153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5941263437271118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107365816","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q114817","display_name":"Surface roughness","level":2,"score":0.550368070602417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84174578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q889796","display_name":"Surface wave","level":2,"score":0.5340415835380554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78336883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4779385","display_name":"Aperture (computer memory)","level":2,"score":0.4419260621070862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205318122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72277","display_name":"Refraction","level":2,"score":0.4374697804450989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71039073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3439090","display_name":"Surface finish","level":2,"score":0.434325635433197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.35417085886001587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.2853004038333893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.2258663773536682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.21816939115524292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.1708555817604065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159750122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96621023","display_name":"Soil water","level":2,"score":0.16821429133415222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.10452622175216675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.10211986303329468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2010.2051952","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2010.2051952","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.5699999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1527747735","https://openalex.org/W2023132693","https://openalex.org/W2072445535","https://openalex.org/W2104191482","https://openalex.org/W2115159269","https://openalex.org/W2117559769","https://openalex.org/W2131784917","https://openalex.org/W2151248321","https://openalex.org/W2165185016","https://openalex.org/W2165917805","https://openalex.org/W4211071552"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2317927353","https://openalex.org/W1969303371","https://openalex.org/W2142660541","https://openalex.org/W2008024523","https://openalex.org/W3087840192","https://openalex.org/W3214791916","https://openalex.org/W2037217994","https://openalex.org/W2141038087","https://openalex.org/W2040020708","https://openalex.org/W3157671907"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"examines":[2],"the":[3,47,85,106,115,124,137,141,144,154,157,161,170,181,188],"feasibility":[4],"of":[5,78,143],"underground-focusing":[6],"spotlight":[7],"synthetic":[8],"aperture":[9],"radar":[10],"(UF-SL-SAR)":[11],"systems":[12],"for":[13,22,94,111,136,148,187],"tunnel":[14,87,132,182],"detection":[15],"applications.":[16],"A":[17,51],"general":[18],"formulation":[19],"is":[20,56,133,175,183],"reviewed":[21],"generating":[23],"UF-SL-SAR":[24],"imaging":[25],"by":[26,35],"using":[27,42],"multiple":[28],"frequencies":[29],"across":[30],"a":[31,72,129],"wide":[32],"band":[33],"and":[34,67,71,83,101],"focusing":[36,112,122],"in":[37,62],"space":[38],"to":[39,58,81,119],"subsurface":[40],"points":[41],"well-known":[43],"ray":[44,109],"refraction":[45,110],"at":[46,123],"nominal":[48],"ground":[49,75,107,125,145],"surface.":[50,126],"full-wave":[52],"finite-difference":[53],"frequency-domain":[54],"model":[55],"used":[57],"consider":[59],"wave":[60],"propagation":[61],"realistic":[63],"soil":[64,97],"with":[65],"loss-":[66],"frequency-dependent":[68],"dielectric":[69],"constant":[70],"randomly":[73],"rough":[74,158],"surface,":[76],"both":[77],"which":[79,166],"serve":[80],"obscure":[82],"distort":[84],"returned":[86],"target":[88,164],"signal.":[89],"Imaging":[90],"results":[91],"are":[92],"presented":[93],"two":[95],"representative":[96],"scenarios:":[98],"dry":[99],"sand":[100,138,189],"moist":[102,151],"clay":[103,152],"loam.":[104],"Considering":[105],"surface":[108,159],"greatly":[113],"improves":[114],"SAR":[116,121],"image":[117],"relative":[118],"conventional":[120],"Using":[127],"UF-SL-SAR,":[128],"small":[130],"shallow":[131],"reasonably":[134],"imaged":[135,185],"case,":[139],"despite":[140,178],"roughness":[142],"interface.":[146],"However,":[147],"higher":[149],"conductivity":[150],"loam,":[153],"clutter":[155],"from":[156],"overwhelms":[160],"significantly":[162],"attenuated":[163],"signal,":[165],"must":[167],"propagate":[168],"through":[169],"lossy":[171],"intervening":[172],"soil.":[173],"It":[174],"demonstrated":[176],"that,":[177],"ideal":[179],"focusing,":[180],"successfully":[184],"only":[186],"case.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}