{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2108180164","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2009.2034256","title":"A Backscatter Modeling for River Ice: Analysis and Numerical Results","display_name":"A Backscatter Modeling for River Ice: Analysis and Numerical Results","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-12-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2108180164","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2009.2034256","mag":"2108180164"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2009.2034256","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2009.2034256","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086459865","display_name":"Imen Gherboudj","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2756-9112"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135117807","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke","ror":"https://ror.org/00kybxq39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135117807"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Imen Gherboudj","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre de Application et de Recherche en T\u00e9l\u00e9d\u00e9tection (CARTEL), Universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke, Canada","Centre d'Applic. et de Rech. en Teledetection (CARTEL), Univ. de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre de Application et de Recherche en T\u00e9l\u00e9d\u00e9tection (CARTEL), Universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135117807"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre d'Applic. et de Rech. en Teledetection (CARTEL), Univ. de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135117807"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064807746","display_name":"Monique Bernier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7812-4965"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39481719","display_name":"Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/04td37d32","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39481719","https://openalex.org/I49663120"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Monique Bernier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Quebec, QUE, Canada","Inst. Nat. de Rech. Sci. (INRS-ETE), Quebec City, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Quebec, QUE, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39481719"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inst. Nat. de Rech. Sci. (INRS-ETE), Quebec City, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39481719"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070806378","display_name":"Robert Leconte","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7536-834X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29607241","display_name":"\u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure - PSL","ror":"https://ror.org/05a0dhs15","country_code":"FR","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2746051580","https://openalex.org/I29607241"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9736820","display_name":"\u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure","ror":"https://ror.org/0020snb74","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I49663120","https://openalex.org/I9736820"]}],"countries":["CA","FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Leconte","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ecole de Technology Sup\u00e9rieure, Montreal, QUE, Canada","Ecole de Technol. Super. (ETS), Montre\u0301al, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ecole de Technology Sup\u00e9rieure, Montreal, QUE, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9736820"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ecole de Technol. Super. (ETS), Montre\u0301al, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29607241","https://openalex.org/I9736820"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086459865"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135117807"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1945,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":53,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80812953,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"48","issue":"4","first_page":"1788","last_page":"1798"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11459","display_name":"Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11459","display_name":"Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11333","display_name":"Climate change and permafrost","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scattering","display_name":"Scattering","score":0.6590630412101746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/snow","display_name":"Snow","score":0.6319255232810974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backscatter","display_name":"Backscatter (email)","score":0.6191186904907227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.6191153526306152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sea-ice","display_name":"Sea ice","score":0.5655618906021118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sea-ice-thickness","display_name":"Sea ice thickness","score":0.5327135920524597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sea-ice-growth-processes","display_name":"Sea ice growth processes","score":0.5137726068496704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.4594782888889313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arctic-ice-pack","display_name":"Arctic ice pack","score":0.4434770941734314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ice-divide","display_name":"Ice divide","score":0.43141528964042664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryosphere","display_name":"Cryosphere","score":0.4312615990638733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiative-transfer","display_name":"Radiative transfer","score":0.41519057750701904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-sciences","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","score":0.40676349401474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geomorphology","display_name":"Geomorphology","score":0.386581152677536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3615225851535797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climatology","display_name":"Climatology","score":0.21536782383918762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.187617689371109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.10488566756248474}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191486275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Scattering","level":2,"score":0.6590630412101746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197046000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7561","display_name":"Snow","level":2,"score":0.6319255232810974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30354325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204667","display_name":"Backscatter (email)","level":3,"score":0.6191186904907227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.6191153526306152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136894858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213926","display_name":"Sea ice","level":2,"score":0.5655618906021118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149767477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7440066","display_name":"Sea ice thickness","level":4,"score":0.5327135920524597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126603772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7440067","display_name":"Sea ice growth processes","level":5,"score":0.5137726068496704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.4594782888889313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161798024","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3651008","display_name":"Arctic ice pack","level":3,"score":0.4434770941734314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174252726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q661400","display_name":"Ice divide","level":5,"score":0.43141528964042664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197435368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q493109","display_name":"Cryosphere","level":3,"score":0.4312615990638733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74902906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1190858","display_name":"Radiative transfer","level":2,"score":0.41519057750701904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.40676349401474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.386581152677536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3615225851535797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.21536782383918762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.187617689371109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.10488566756248474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2009.2034256","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2009.2034256","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:espace.inrs.ca:10712","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7812-4965","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400579","display_name":"EspaceINRS (National Institute for Scientific Research (Canada))","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I39481719","host_organization_name":"Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39481719"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"\u00c9valu\u00e9 par les pairs"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.7099999785423279}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322199","display_name":"Hydro-Qu\u00e9bec","ror":"https://ror.org/01nhzsw25"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W169087763","https://openalex.org/W293114297","https://openalex.org/W367380036","https://openalex.org/W1532691246","https://openalex.org/W1534053224","https://openalex.org/W1573293896","https://openalex.org/W1578644927","https://openalex.org/W1588167619","https://openalex.org/W1631504857","https://openalex.org/W1966866972","https://openalex.org/W1969525691","https://openalex.org/W1985109463","https://openalex.org/W1991141500","https://openalex.org/W2001208093","https://openalex.org/W2004499250","https://openalex.org/W2028512024","https://openalex.org/W2078128886","https://openalex.org/W2091374073","https://openalex.org/W2093768016","https://openalex.org/W2112835976","https://openalex.org/W2134198433","https://openalex.org/W2149436470","https://openalex.org/W2591718103","https://openalex.org/W3005966849","https://openalex.org/W3023911918","https://openalex.org/W4210545731","https://openalex.org/W4214498428","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6773861023"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3198703023","https://openalex.org/W2067186551","https://openalex.org/W2154162753","https://openalex.org/W752721605","https://openalex.org/W2084153169","https://openalex.org/W1812330204","https://openalex.org/W4256379404","https://openalex.org/W2017479435","https://openalex.org/W3199029628","https://openalex.org/W1973705522"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,166],"microwave":[1],"backscatter":[2],"model":[3,29,79],"was":[4,30],"developed":[5],"to":[6,55,107,115,161,205],"help":[7],"provide":[8],"an":[9,49,129],"understanding":[10],"of":[11,14,98,121,138,184],"the":[12,19,33,41,78,82,102,116,132,170,200,208],"interaction":[13],"a":[15,109,136,139],"radar":[16,83,195],"signal":[17],"with":[18,77,173],"different":[20,103],"ice":[21,65,87,104,127,150,153,186,196],"types":[22,66,105,187],"formed":[23],"on":[24,32,90,112],"natural":[25],"freshwater":[26],"bodies.":[27],"This":[28,45],"based":[31],"radiative":[34],"transfer":[35],"theory,":[36],"which":[37],"is":[38],"solved":[39],"by":[40],"doubling":[42],"matrix":[43],"method.":[44],"numerical":[46],"method":[47],"provides":[48],"explanation":[50],"for":[51],"scattering":[52,191],"effects":[53],"due":[54,160],"volume,":[56],"boundaries,":[57],"boundary-volume":[58],"interactions":[59,61],"and":[60,73,96,144,151,163,210],"between":[62,192],"layers.":[63,193],"Three":[64],"were":[67,203,213],"analyzed:":[68],"columnar":[69,126],"ice,":[70,72],"frazil":[71,152],"snow":[74,149],"ice.":[75],"Simulations":[76],"proved":[80],"that":[81],"response":[84,134],"from":[85],"river":[86],"cover":[88],"depends":[89],"both":[91],"ice-cover":[92,171],"boundaries.":[93],"The":[94,119],"shape":[95],"distribution":[97],"air":[99,123,146,174],"inclusions":[100,124,147,175],"within":[101,125,148],"seem":[106],"have":[108],"significant":[110,155],"impact":[111],"their":[113],"contributions":[114],"total":[117,133],"response.":[118],"presence":[120],"tubular":[122],"causes":[128,177,188],"increase":[130,168],"in":[131,169],"as":[135],"result":[137],"double-bounce":[140],"scattering.":[141,165,179],"Small":[142],"spherical":[143],"closed":[145],"generate":[154],"backscattering":[156],"at":[157],"high":[158],"frequencies":[159],"volume":[162],"surface-volume":[164],"further":[167,206],"thickness":[172],"also":[176],"increased":[178],"Superposing":[180],"two":[181],"or":[182],"more":[183],"these":[185],"considerable":[189],"multiple":[190],"Finally,":[194],"measurements":[197],"collected":[198],"over":[199],"Athabasca":[201],"River":[202],"employed":[204],"validate":[207],"model,":[209],"satisfactory":[211],"results":[212],"obtained.":[214]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-28T14:05:53.105641","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}