{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3041793138","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2009.2025371","title":"Automatic Target Recognition by Means of Polarimetric ISAR Images and Neural Networks","display_name":"Automatic Target Recognition by Means of Polarimetric ISAR Images and Neural Networks","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-09-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3041793138","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2009.2025371","mag":"3041793138"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2009.2025371","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2009.2025371","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031990101","display_name":"Marco Martorella","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8985-5069"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Martorella","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032865843","display_name":"Elisa Giusti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5278-6509"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. Giusti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042621872","display_name":"Amerigo Capria","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4855-5323"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Capria","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020206189","display_name":"F. Berizzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5513-9064"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F. Berizzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055816931","display_name":"B. Bates","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1303474014","display_name":"Defence Science and Technology Group","ror":"https://ror.org/05ddrvt52","country_code":"AU","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303474014","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I3139952251"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5681781","display_name":"The University of Adelaide","ror":"https://ror.org/00892tw58","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B. Bates","raw_affiliation_strings":["Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Edinburgh, SA, Australia","School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Edinburgh, SA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1303474014"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":99.6985,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":77,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99790173,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"47","issue":"11","first_page":"3786","last_page":"3794"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inverse-synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Inverse synthetic aperture radar","score":0.9295651912689209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-target-recognition","display_name":"Automatic target recognition","score":0.7574121952056885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7505788207054138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7296770811080933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.6992393732070923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5181442499160767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5172146558761597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5014123916625977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.49243101477622986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilayer-perceptron","display_name":"Multilayer perceptron","score":0.48721712827682495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polarimetry","display_name":"Polarimetry","score":0.4860001504421234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.47955581545829773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.4492725133895874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.345309853553772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scattering","display_name":"Scattering","score":0.2289956510066986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.14779645204544067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.07295417785644531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.07257729768753052}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109094680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6060432","display_name":"Inverse synthetic aperture radar","level":4,"score":0.9295651912689209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117623542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q621974","display_name":"Automatic target recognition","level":3,"score":0.7574121952056885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7505788207054138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7296770811080933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.6992393732070923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5181442499160767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5172146558761597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5014123916625977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.49243101477622986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179717631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2991667","display_name":"Multilayer perceptron","level":3,"score":0.48721712827682495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28493345","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899381","display_name":"Polarimetry","level":3,"score":0.4860001504421234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.47955581545829773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.4492725133895874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.345309853553772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191486275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Scattering","level":2,"score":0.2289956510066986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.14779645204544067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.07295417785644531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.07257729768753052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2009.2025371","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2009.2025371","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/fc7bbcd2-3989-44ec-9d90-887f568a1676","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/en/publications/fc7bbcd2-3989-44ec-9d90-887f568a1676","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402634","display_name":"University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","host_organization_name":"University of Birmingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Martorella, M, Giusti, E, Capria, A, Berizzi, F & Bates, B 2009, 'Automatic Target Recognition by Means of Polarimetric ISAR Images and Neural Networks', IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol. 47, no. 11, 5238519, pp. 3786-3794. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2009.2025371","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arpi.unipi.it:11568/196804","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11568/196804","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196265","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","host_organization_name":"University of Pisa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digital.library.adelaide.edu.au:2440/57305","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2440/57305","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401835","display_name":"Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I5681781","host_organization_name":"The University of Adelaide","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2009.2025371","raw_type":"Journal article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.550000011920929}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1978100713","https://openalex.org/W1987968155","https://openalex.org/W1992348535","https://openalex.org/W1992350595","https://openalex.org/W1997528906","https://openalex.org/W2008633406","https://openalex.org/W2041708608","https://openalex.org/W2045632688","https://openalex.org/W2089312663","https://openalex.org/W2105439865","https://openalex.org/W2114578114","https://openalex.org/W2116424792","https://openalex.org/W2117472121","https://openalex.org/W2124648367","https://openalex.org/W2125856058","https://openalex.org/W2128486433","https://openalex.org/W2135577126","https://openalex.org/W2146065092","https://openalex.org/W2149918662","https://openalex.org/W2155482699","https://openalex.org/W2157932537","https://openalex.org/W2160445017","https://openalex.org/W2160699216","https://openalex.org/W2164405766","https://openalex.org/W2165758113","https://openalex.org/W2166098053","https://openalex.org/W2169078580","https://openalex.org/W2345788042","https://openalex.org/W3145175200"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3107043386","https://openalex.org/W2908190742","https://openalex.org/W1596076796","https://openalex.org/W3041793138","https://openalex.org/W3013723914","https://openalex.org/W157990886","https://openalex.org/W2166098053","https://openalex.org/W3039343861","https://openalex.org/W4383333744","https://openalex.org/W3134034502"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Inverse":[0],"synthetic":[1],"aperture":[2],"radar":[3],"(ISAR)":[4],"images":[5,22,46,106],"are":[6,67,81],"often":[7],"used":[8],"for":[9],"classifying":[10],"and":[11,47,76],"recognizing":[12],"targets.":[13],"Moreover,":[14],"the":[15,29,41,55,61,63,73,90,100,104],"use":[16,42,91,98],"of":[17,43,57,72,92,99],"fully":[18,44],"polarimetric":[19],"ISAR":[20],"(Pol-ISAR)":[21],"enhances":[23],"classification":[24],"capabilities.":[25],"In":[26,51],"this":[27],"paper,":[28],"authors":[30],"propose":[31],"a":[32,120],"novel":[33],"automatic":[34],"target":[35],"recognition":[36],"(ATR)":[37],"technique":[38],"based":[39,88],"on":[40,89,115],"Pol-ISAR":[45,105],"neural":[48],"networks":[49],"(NNs).":[50],"order":[52],"to":[53],"reduce":[54],"amount":[56],"data":[58,117],"processed":[59],"by":[60,70],"classifier,":[62],"brightest":[64],"scattering":[65,79],"centers":[66],"first":[68],"extracted":[69,102],"means":[71],"Pol-CLEAN":[74],"technique,":[75],"then,":[77],"their":[78],"matrices":[80],"decomposed":[82],"using":[83],"Cameron's":[84],"decomposition.":[85],"A":[86,110],"classifier":[87],"multilayer":[93],"perceptron":[94],"NN":[95],"that":[96],"makes":[97],"features":[101],"from":[103],"is":[107,113],"then":[108],"implemented.":[109],"proof-of-concept":[111],"test":[112],"performed":[114],"real":[116],"acquired":[118],"during":[119],"controlled":[121],"experiment":[122],"in":[123],"an":[124],"anechoic":[125],"chamber.":[126]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-21T07:57:09.225873","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}