{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2129895485","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2008.2006047","title":"Enhanced SAR-Based Snow-Covered Area Estimation Method for Boreal Forest Zone","display_name":"Enhanced SAR-Based Snow-Covered Area Estimation Method for Boreal Forest Zone","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-12-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2129895485","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2008.2006047","mag":"2129895485"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2008.2006047","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2008.2006047","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081080083","display_name":"Kari Luojus","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4066-6005"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1285790362","display_name":"Finnish Meteorological Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05hppb561","country_code":"FI","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1284112523","https://openalex.org/I1285790362"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K.P. Luojus","raw_affiliation_strings":["Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland","Finnish Meteorol. Inst., Helsinki"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285790362"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Finnish Meteorol. Inst., Helsinki","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285790362"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049229557","display_name":"Jouni Pulliainen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1157-2920"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1285790362","display_name":"Finnish Meteorological Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05hppb561","country_code":"FI","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1284112523","https://openalex.org/I1285790362"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J.T. Pulliainen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland","Finnish Meteorol. Inst., Helsinki"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285790362"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Finnish Meteorol. Inst., Helsinki","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285790362"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029334954","display_name":"Sari Mets\u00e4m\u00e4ki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9633-4376"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800424308","display_name":"Finnish Environment Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/013nat269","country_code":"FI","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800424308","https://openalex.org/I4210136438"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S.J. Metsamaki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Geoinformatics and Land Use Division, Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, Finland","Geoinformatics & Land Use Div., Finnish Environ. Inst., Helsinki"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geoinformatics and Land Use Division, Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800424308"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geoinformatics & Land Use Div., Finnish Environ. Inst., Helsinki","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110907633","display_name":"M. Hallikainen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M.T. Hallikainen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radio Science and Engineering, Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland","Dept. of Radio Sci. & Eng., Helsinki Univ. of Technol., Espoo"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radio Science and Engineering, Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Radio Sci. & Eng., Helsinki Univ. of Technol., Espoo","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9545,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77667329,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"47","issue":"3","first_page":"922","last_page":"935"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11333","display_name":"Climate change and permafrost","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11459","display_name":"Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.7342987060546875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.7072836756706238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/snow","display_name":"Snow","score":0.6628729701042175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.5213683247566223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/taiga","display_name":"Taiga","score":0.4715045988559723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4472191035747528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.4179116487503052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation","display_name":"Estimation","score":0.41574132442474365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.32620203495025635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.2506157159805298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.09695717692375183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08444133400917053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.07600188255310059}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.7342987060546875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.7072836756706238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197046000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7561","display_name":"Snow","level":2,"score":0.6628729701042175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5213683247566223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87621631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q69564","display_name":"Taiga","level":2,"score":0.4715045988559723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4472191035747528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.4179116487503052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.41574132442474365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.32620203495025635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2506157159805298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.09695717692375183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08444133400917053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.07600188255310059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97137747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38112","display_name":"Forestry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2008.2006047","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2008.2006047","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","display_name":"No poverty","score":0.4699999988079071}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W560789796","https://openalex.org/W1521627754","https://openalex.org/W1658243501","https://openalex.org/W1831480134","https://openalex.org/W1969866052","https://openalex.org/W1977526892","https://openalex.org/W1987882549","https://openalex.org/W2022106079","https://openalex.org/W2059884906","https://openalex.org/W2061063031","https://openalex.org/W2085335861","https://openalex.org/W2093839045","https://openalex.org/W2099245384","https://openalex.org/W2107131635","https://openalex.org/W2117913235","https://openalex.org/W2126002710","https://openalex.org/W2131126269","https://openalex.org/W2137397774","https://openalex.org/W2144276030","https://openalex.org/W2156684096","https://openalex.org/W2158572649","https://openalex.org/W2166516820","https://openalex.org/W2168679095","https://openalex.org/W2289797698","https://openalex.org/W6696345355"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2910852340","https://openalex.org/W2913143114","https://openalex.org/W1975930865","https://openalex.org/W2060524912","https://openalex.org/W2314704010","https://openalex.org/W1584003442","https://openalex.org/W2317224478","https://openalex.org/W2996275564","https://openalex.org/W4250354563","https://openalex.org/W2242764613"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,193],"this":[1,194],"paper,":[2,195],"an":[3,101],"enhanced":[4,114,150],"method":[5,53,84,115,126,152,183,197,220],"for":[6,12,134,188,214],"fractional":[7],"snow-covered":[8],"area":[9],"(SCA)":[10],"estimation":[11,41,52,109,223],"the":[13,44,60,63,76,112,125,135,149,157,177,181,196,215,226],"boreal":[14],"forest":[15],"zone":[16],"is":[17,85,116,127,153,198],"presented.":[18],"The":[19,83,107,140,212],"new":[20,90,105,113,178],"approach,":[21],"based":[22],"on":[23],"utilizing":[24],"weather":[25,65],"station":[26,66],"data":[27,133,162],"alongside":[28],"with":[29,118,176],"spaceborne":[30],"synthetic":[31],"aperture":[32],"radar":[33],"(SAR)":[34],"imagery,":[35],"leads":[36],"to":[37,70,96,104,166,174,200],"a":[38,56,89,143],"significantly":[39],"improved":[40,87],"accuracy.":[42],"While":[43],"Helsinki":[45],"University":[46],"of":[47,111,124,138],"Technology":[48],"(TKK)":[49],"SAR-based":[50],"SCA":[51,61,108,121,151,186,202],"serves":[54],"as":[55],"basic":[57],"tool":[58],"in":[59,146,205],"estimation,":[62],"ground-based":[64],"observations":[67],"are":[68],"employed":[69],"still":[71,86],"strengthen":[72],"its":[73],"performance":[74],"at":[75],"nearly":[77],"melt-off":[78,81],"or":[79],"totally":[80],"conditions.":[82],"by":[88],"reference":[91],"image":[92],"selection":[93],"process,":[94],"leading":[95],"more":[97],"accurate":[98],"results":[99,141],"and":[100,159,168],"easier":[102],"adaptivity":[103],"areas.":[106],"accuracy":[110,147,224],"compared":[117],"optical":[119,160],"satellite-based":[120],"data.":[122],"Evaluation":[123],"carried":[128],"out":[129],"using":[130],"Radarsat":[131],"wide-swath":[132],"snow-melt":[136],"seasons":[137],"2004-2006.":[139],"show":[142],"significant":[144],"increase":[145],"when":[148],"applied.":[154],"Correlation":[155],"between":[156],"radar-based":[158],"comparison":[161],"increases":[163],"from":[164,172],"0.914":[165],"0.947":[167],"root-mean-square":[169],"error":[170],"improves":[171],"0.151":[173],"0.123":[175],"method.":[179,229],"Traditionally,":[180],"TKK":[182],"has":[184],"provided":[185],"estimates":[187,203],"Finnish":[189],"third-order":[190],"subdrainage":[191],"basins.":[192],"adapted":[199],"produce":[201],"also":[204],"5":[206,208,216,218],"times":[207,217],"km":[209,219],"spatial":[210],"resolution.":[211],"analyses":[213],"indicate":[221],"poorer":[222],"than":[225],"nominal":[227],"drainage-basin-based":[228]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
