{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2113657694","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2008.2005112","title":"Field Measurements of Induced and Remanent Moments of Unexploded Ordnance and Shrapnel","display_name":"Field Measurements of Induced and Remanent Moments of Unexploded Ordnance and Shrapnel","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-12-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2113657694","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2008.2005112","mag":"2113657694"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2008.2005112","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2008.2005112","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111065857","display_name":"Stephen Billings","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095370","display_name":"Blue Sky Research (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/008qz0n88","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210095370"]}],"countries":["CA","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"S. Billings","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada","Sky Res. Inc., Vancouver, BC"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sky Res. Inc., Vancouver, BC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095370"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111065857"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I4210095370"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5847,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69922614,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"47","issue":"3","first_page":"815","last_page":"827"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12424","display_name":"Earthquake Detection and Analysis","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12424","display_name":"Earthquake Detection and Analysis","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10572","display_name":"Geophysical and Geoelectrical Methods","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remanence","display_name":"Remanence","score":0.9588111639022827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetometer","display_name":"Magnetometer","score":0.8666963577270508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.6719309091567993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetization","display_name":"Magnetization","score":0.5503272414207458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unexploded-ordnance","display_name":"Unexploded ordnance","score":0.5437170267105103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fluxgate-compass","display_name":"Fluxgate compass","score":0.5178285241127014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-remanent-magnetization","display_name":"Natural remanent magnetization","score":0.47037166357040405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demagnetizing-field","display_name":"Demagnetizing field","score":0.44260096549987793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rock-magnetism","display_name":"Rock magnetism","score":0.43348607420921326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nuclear-magnetic-resonance","display_name":"Nuclear magnetic resonance","score":0.4239719808101654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mineralogy","display_name":"Mineralogy","score":0.408061146736145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geophysics","display_name":"Geophysics","score":0.38551315665245056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetic-field","display_name":"Magnetic field","score":0.3085535168647766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.17736375331878662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.11993652582168579}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155058782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q66468430","display_name":"Remanence","level":4,"score":0.9588111639022827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153946474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333921","display_name":"Magnetometer","level":3,"score":0.8666963577270508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.6719309091567993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32546565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856711","display_name":"Magnetization","level":3,"score":0.5503272414207458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775977338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2302880","display_name":"Unexploded ordnance","level":2,"score":0.5437170267105103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28044941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2735870","display_name":"Fluxgate compass","level":4,"score":0.5178285241127014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66944017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6980765","display_name":"Natural remanent magnetization","level":5,"score":0.47037166357040405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60434167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5255001","display_name":"Demagnetizing field","level":4,"score":0.44260096549987793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171782412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505654","display_name":"Rock magnetism","level":5,"score":0.43348607420921326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46141821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209402","display_name":"Nuclear magnetic resonance","level":1,"score":0.4239719808101654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199289684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83353","display_name":"Mineralogy","level":1,"score":0.408061146736145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8058405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46255","display_name":"Geophysics","level":1,"score":0.38551315665245056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115260700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11408","display_name":"Magnetic field","level":2,"score":0.3085535168647766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.17736375331878662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.11993652582168579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2008.2005112","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2008.2005112","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.6100000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.41999998688697815,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1625843075","https://openalex.org/W1969016247","https://openalex.org/W1994224306","https://openalex.org/W2004801003","https://openalex.org/W2068031133","https://openalex.org/W2140856459","https://openalex.org/W2143785560","https://openalex.org/W2147959642","https://openalex.org/W2160686887","https://openalex.org/W2967457532","https://openalex.org/W3216839826"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2514446471","https://openalex.org/W2902981358","https://openalex.org/W2012426617","https://openalex.org/W2325320403","https://openalex.org/W2008861903","https://openalex.org/W2883551324","https://openalex.org/W1967160447","https://openalex.org/W2612565068","https://openalex.org/W2116000321","https://openalex.org/W2113139622"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Magnetometry":[0],"is":[1,22,29,88,93,236,250],"a":[2,39,68,166],"widely":[3],"used":[4],"technique":[5],"for":[6,48,244],"clearance":[7],"of":[8,16,55,148,151,161,169,172,181,208],"areas":[9],"contaminated":[10],"with":[11,34],"unexploded":[12],"ordnance.":[13],"The":[14,58,86,109,231],"discrimination":[15,245],"hazardous":[17],"ordnance":[18,28,249],"from":[19],"nonhazardous":[20],"items":[21],"possible":[23],"using":[24,241],"apparent":[25,242],"remanence":[26,243],"if":[27],"shock":[30,140,182],"demagnetized":[31,251],"on":[32,75,252],"impact":[33],"the":[35,42,50,76,91,103,119,136,145,159,170,188,209,220],"ground.":[36],"We":[37],"developed":[38],"mobile":[40],"device,":[41],"Magnetic":[43],"Remanence":[44],"Interrogation":[45],"Platform":[46],"(MRIP),":[47],"measuring":[49],"induced":[51],"and":[52,78,123,174,192,202,212,222],"remanent":[53,132,146,173,217,229],"moments":[54,147],"steel":[56,162],"samples.":[57],"MRIP":[59,110],"comprises":[60],"six":[61],"three-component":[62],"fluxgate":[63],"magnetometers":[64],"symmetrically":[65],"distributed":[66],"around":[67],"rotating":[69],"sample":[70,92],"holder.":[71],"Samples":[72],"are":[73,79],"placed":[74],"holder":[77],"slowly":[80],"spun":[81],"through":[82],"two":[83,115],"complete":[84],"rotations.":[85],"measurement":[87],"repeated":[89],"after":[90],"physically":[94],"rotated":[95],"by":[96],"90":[97],"<sup":[98],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[99],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">deg</sup>":[100],"so":[101],"that":[102,139,234],"previous":[104],"up":[105],"direction":[106,171],"points":[107],"east.":[108],"platform":[111],"was":[112,165],"deployed":[113],"to":[114,135,156,226],"field":[116,176],"sites.":[117],"At":[118,187],"first":[120],"site,":[121,190],"76-":[122],"90-mm":[124,152],"projectiles":[125,153],"were":[126,154,205],"measured.":[127,206],"Most":[128,207],"had":[129,215],"relatively":[130],"low":[131,216],"magnetization":[133,183],"relative":[134],"induced,":[137],"suggesting":[138],"demagnetization":[141],"occurs.":[142],"Variations":[143],"in":[144,158,240],"different":[149],"specimens":[150],"attributed":[155],"variations":[157],"type":[160],"used.":[163],"There":[164],"strong":[167],"correlation":[168],"inducing":[175],"during":[177],"burial,":[178],"indicating":[179],"evidence":[180],"and/or":[184],"magnetic":[185],"viscosity.":[186],"second":[189],"intact":[191,213],"partial":[193,223],"4.2-in":[194],"mortars":[195,214,224],"as":[196,198,246],"well":[197],"shrapnel,":[199],"base":[200,210],"plates,":[201],"cultural":[203],"debris":[204],"plates":[211],"magnetization,":[218],"whereas":[219],"shrapnel":[221],"tended":[225],"have":[227],"higher":[228],"magnetization.":[230],"results":[232],"indicate":[233],"there":[235],"an":[237],"inherent":[238],"risk":[239],"not":[247],"all":[248],"impact.":[253]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}