{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2098353811","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2008.2000837","title":"Four-Dimensional SAR Imaging for Height Estimation and Monitoring of Single and Double Scatterers","display_name":"Four-Dimensional SAR Imaging for Height Estimation and Monitoring of Single and Double Scatterers","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-12-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2098353811","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2008.2000837","mag":"2098353811"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2008.2000837","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2008.2000837","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041703096","display_name":"G. Fornaro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1679-607X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125249","display_name":"Istituto per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell'Ambiente","ror":"https://ror.org/02wxw4x45","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125249","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"G. Fornaro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Istituto per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell'Ambient, Consiglio Nationale delle Ricerche, Napoli, Italy","Ist. per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell'Ambiente, Consiglio Naz. delle Ric., Napoli"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell'Ambient, Consiglio Nationale delle Ricerche, Napoli, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125249"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ist. per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell'Ambiente, Consiglio Naz. delle Ric., Napoli","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125249"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014431676","display_name":"Diego Reale","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7027-5227"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125249","display_name":"Istituto per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell'Ambiente","ror":"https://ror.org/02wxw4x45","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125249","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Reale","raw_affiliation_strings":["Istituto per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell'Ambient, Consiglio Nationale delle Ricerche, Napoli, Italy","Ist. per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell'Ambiente, Consiglio Naz. delle Ric., Napoli"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell'Ambient, Consiglio Nationale delle Ricerche, Napoli, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125249"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ist. per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell'Ambiente, Consiglio Naz. delle Ric., Napoli","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125249"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030139540","display_name":"Francesco Serafino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6504-8668"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125249","display_name":"Istituto per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell'Ambiente","ror":"https://ror.org/02wxw4x45","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125249","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F. Serafino","raw_affiliation_strings":["Istituto per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell'Ambient, Consiglio Nationale delle Ricerche, Napoli, Italy","Ist. per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell'Ambiente, Consiglio Naz. delle Ric., Napoli"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell'Ambient, Consiglio Nationale delle Ricerche, Napoli, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125249"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ist. per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell'Ambiente, Consiglio Naz. delle Ric., Napoli","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125249"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5041703096"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125249"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":399.2434,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":285,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99986392,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"47","issue":"1","first_page":"224","last_page":"237"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.7981711030006409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inverse-synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Inverse synthetic aperture radar","score":0.5785795450210571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.5696679353713989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/superposition-principle","display_name":"Superposition principle","score":0.5420899987220764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tomography","display_name":"Tomography","score":0.5356815457344055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.49953627586364746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interferometry","display_name":"Interferometry","score":0.4865185618400574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.4704750180244446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scattering","display_name":"Scattering","score":0.42732110619544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deformation","display_name":"Deformation (meteorology)","score":0.42661574482917786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.3873041868209839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3776838779449463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.36759546399116516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.3424602746963501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.31298917531967163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.10164323449134827}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.7981711030006409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109094680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6060432","display_name":"Inverse synthetic aperture radar","level":4,"score":0.5785795450210571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.5696679353713989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27753989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284885","display_name":"Superposition principle","level":2,"score":0.5420899987220764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841267","display_name":"Tomography","level":2,"score":0.5356815457344055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.49953627586364746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166689943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850283","display_name":"Interferometry","level":2,"score":0.4865185618400574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.4704750180244446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191486275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Scattering","level":2,"score":0.42732110619544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204366326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3027650","display_name":"Deformation (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.42661574482917786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.3873041868209839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3776838779449463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.36759546399116516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.3424602746963501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.31298917531967163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.10164323449134827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2008.2000837","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2008.2000837","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W190546882","https://openalex.org/W1514558801","https://openalex.org/W1618717422","https://openalex.org/W1988221829","https://openalex.org/W2002036830","https://openalex.org/W2025929353","https://openalex.org/W2029404547","https://openalex.org/W2044127760","https://openalex.org/W2048289234","https://openalex.org/W2069238781","https://openalex.org/W2099008772","https://openalex.org/W2103491205","https://openalex.org/W2105461055","https://openalex.org/W2106131737","https://openalex.org/W2109901075","https://openalex.org/W2113545279","https://openalex.org/W2118005898","https://openalex.org/W2134815645","https://openalex.org/W2145491683","https://openalex.org/W2150792674","https://openalex.org/W2152657318","https://openalex.org/W2156161232","https://openalex.org/W2167811736","https://openalex.org/W2169631243","https://openalex.org/W3139866291","https://openalex.org/W6607939754","https://openalex.org/W6636530833","https://openalex.org/W6647066741"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2996630340","https://openalex.org/W2540450177","https://openalex.org/W2170580735","https://openalex.org/W1552305638","https://openalex.org/W1915418828","https://openalex.org/W2547107543","https://openalex.org/W2545123933","https://openalex.org/W2031673444","https://openalex.org/W1994788526","https://openalex.org/W2613451563"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"superposition":[1],"of":[2,22,61,83,123,138,163,180],"contributions":[3],"from":[4,183],"different":[5,51],"stable":[6,164],"targets":[7,103,185],"within":[8],"the":[9,18,26,47,81,87,118,121,132,149,155,161,178],"same":[10,150],"pixel":[11],"is":[12],"a":[13,77,93,175],"phenomenon":[14],"that":[15,79,97],"may":[16],"impair":[17],"imaging":[19,96,126],"and":[20,134,141,166],"monitoring":[21],"ground":[23],"scatterers":[24,140,168],"via":[25],"multipass":[27],"synthetic":[28],"aperture":[29],"radar":[30],"(SAR)":[31],"interferometry":[32],"technique.":[33],"Three-dimensional":[34],"SAR":[35,40,70,84,125],"imaging,":[36],"also":[37,107,153],"known":[38],"as":[39,76],"tomography,":[41],"uses":[42],"multiple":[43],"views":[44],"to":[45,58,86,127,130,159,186],"profile":[46],"scattering":[48],"power":[49],"at":[50,145],"heights.":[52],"This":[53,114],"technique":[54,78,176],"has":[55,72],"been":[56,73],"shown":[57],"be":[59],"capable":[60],"separating":[62,101],"interfering":[63,102,144,184],"target":[64,88],"responses":[65],"on":[66],"real":[67,128],"data.":[68],"Differential":[69],"tomography":[71,85],"recently":[74],"proposed":[75],"extends":[80],"potentialities":[82],"deformation":[89,112,136],"monitoring.":[90],"It":[91,152],"performs":[92],"4-D":[94,124],"space-velocity":[95],"enables":[98],"not":[99],"only":[100],"in":[104,148],"elevation":[105],"but":[106],"distinguishing":[108],"their":[109],"single":[110,139,165],"slow":[111],"velocities.":[113],"work":[115],"addresses":[116],"for":[117,177],"first":[119],"time":[120,181],"application":[122],"data":[129],"determine":[131],"height":[133],"mean":[135],"velocity":[137],"double-scattering":[142],"mechanisms":[143],"high":[146],"resolution":[147],"pixel.":[151],"discusses":[154],"postprocessing":[156],"steps":[157],"required":[158],"identify":[160],"presence":[162],"double":[167],"after":[169],"elevation-velocity":[170],"focusing.":[171],"Moreover,":[172],"it":[173],"proposes":[174],"extraction":[179],"series":[182],"measure":[187],"possible":[188],"nonlinear":[189],"temporal":[190],"deformations.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":26}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T14:29:43.386196","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}