{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7148728395","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgcn.2026.3680539","title":"Processing Task Offloading to Mitigate Spatial\u2013Temporal Imbalance in Renewable-Energy-Powered vRAN","display_name":"Processing Task Offloading to Mitigate Spatial\u2013Temporal Imbalance in Renewable-Energy-Powered vRAN","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7148728395","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgcn.2026.3680539"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgcn.2026.3680539","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgcn.2026.3680539","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192662","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2473-2400","issn":["2473-2400"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgcn.2026.3680539","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109762422","display_name":"Kai Nakamura","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201537933","display_name":"Tohoku University","ror":"https://ror.org/01dq60k83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Nakamura","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Communications Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5735-940X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Communications Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049577023","display_name":"Akihiko Nishio","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283155146","display_name":"Panasonic (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/011tm7n37","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283155146"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akihiko Nishio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Digital and AI Technology Center, Digital Transformation and Cyber-Physical Systems Division, Panasonic Holdings Corporation, Yokohama, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0082-7751","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Digital and AI Technology Center, Digital Transformation and Cyber-Physical Systems Division, Panasonic Holdings Corporation, Yokohama, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283155146"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Tetsuya Yamamoto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1093-6112"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283155146","display_name":"Panasonic (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/011tm7n37","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283155146"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tetsuya Yamamoto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Digital and AI Technology Center, Digital Transformation and Cyber-Physical Systems Division, Panasonic Holdings Corporation, Yokohama, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1093-6112","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Digital and AI Technology Center, Digital Transformation and Cyber-Physical Systems Division, Panasonic Holdings Corporation, Yokohama, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283155146"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112277346","display_name":"Toshiaki SAKURAI","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283155146","display_name":"Panasonic (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/011tm7n37","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283155146"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Toshiaki Sakurai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Digital and AI Technology Center, Digital Transformation and Cyber-Physical Systems Division, Panasonic Holdings Corporation, Yokohama, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7387-8857","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Digital and AI Technology Center, Digital Transformation and Cyber-Physical Systems Division, Panasonic Holdings Corporation, Yokohama, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283155146"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026923054","display_name":"Takayuki Sotoyama","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283155146","display_name":"Panasonic (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/011tm7n37","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283155146"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Takayuki Sotoyama","raw_affiliation_strings":["Digital and AI Technology Center, Digital Transformation and Cyber-Physical Systems Division, Panasonic Holdings Corporation, Yokohama, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Digital and AI Technology Center, Digital Transformation and Cyber-Physical Systems Division, Panasonic Holdings Corporation, Yokohama, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283155146"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hiroki Nishiyama","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7374-2772"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201537933","display_name":"Tohoku University","ror":"https://ror.org/01dq60k83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hiroki Nishiyama","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Communications Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7374-2772","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Communications Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.38333106,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"2593","last_page":"2608"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11896","display_name":"Opportunistic and Delay-Tolerant Networks","score":0.6352999806404114,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11896","display_name":"Opportunistic and Delay-Tolerant Networks","score":0.6352999806404114,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.09679999947547913,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.03709999844431877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.555899977684021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.2678999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.267300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/component","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","score":0.25119999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.24480000138282776}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6225000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.555899977684021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.29919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.2678999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.267300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.25119999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.24480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.23409999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.23360000550746918}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgcn.2026.3680539","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgcn.2026.3680539","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192662","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2473-2400","issn":["2473-2400"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgcn.2026.3680539","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgcn.2026.3680539","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192662","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2473-2400","issn":["2473-2400"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7620036005973816,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8833564943","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JP25KJ0529","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"5G":[1],"and":[2,36,46,51,60,116,132,160,188],"beyond,":[3],"virtualized":[4],"radio":[5],"access":[6],"networks":[7],"(vRANs),":[8],"where":[9],"base":[10],"station":[11],"(BS)":[12],"functions":[13],"run":[14],"on":[15,142],"generalpurpose":[16],"servers,":[17],"enable":[18],"dynamic":[19],"computational":[20],"resource":[21],"allocation.":[22],"Renewable":[23],"energy":[24,58,62,71,76,101,108,176],"sources":[25],"are":[26],"integrated":[27],"into":[28],"distributed":[29],"BSs":[30,97],"to":[31,54,78,98,173,192],"reduce":[32],"the":[33,96,100,105,113,118,147,150,168],"electricity":[34],"costs":[35],"carbon":[37],"emissions":[38],"of":[39,69,74,112,149,180,194],"vRANs.":[40],"However,":[41],"such":[42],"systems":[43],"face":[44],"spatial":[45,186],"temporal":[47],"imbalances":[48,65,187],"between":[49],"supply":[50,115],"demand":[52],"owing":[53,77],"variations":[55],"in":[56],"renewable":[57,75,107],"generation":[59],"BS":[61],"consumption.":[63,102],"These":[64],"cause":[66],"excessive":[67],"use":[68],"non-renewable":[70],"or":[72],"wastage":[73,177],"battery":[79],"overflow.":[80],"To":[81,145],"address":[82],"this":[83,122,126],"issue,":[84],"we":[85,153],"propose":[86],"an":[87],"offloading":[88,119,136],"method":[89,170,182,196],"that":[90,138,167,179,183,193],"dynamically":[91],"allocates":[92],"processing":[93],"tasks":[94],"among":[95],"adjust":[99],"Furthermore,":[103],"enhancing":[104],"long-term":[106],"utilization":[109],"requires":[110],"knowledge":[111],"future":[114,143],"demand;":[117],"problem":[120],"incorporates":[121],"uncertainty.":[123],"We":[124],"analyze":[125],"uncertainty":[127],"as":[128],"a":[129,134,181,195],"stochastic":[130],"model":[131],"develop":[133],"battery-based":[135],"technique":[137],"does":[139],"not":[140],"rely":[141],"information.":[144],"evaluate":[146],"effectiveness":[148],"proposed":[151,169],"approach,":[152],"conduct":[154],"simulations":[155],"using":[156,197],"real-world":[157],"people":[158],"flow":[159],"solar":[161],"radiation":[162],"data.":[163],"The":[164],"results":[165],"demonstrate":[166],"ensures":[171],"up":[172],"46.8%":[174],"lower":[175],"than":[178],"resolves":[184],"only":[185],"achieves":[189],"performance":[190],"comparable":[191],"perfect":[198],"predictions.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T06:08:40.794217","created_date":"2026-04-04T00:00:00"}
