{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7140213637","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgcn.2026.3677287","title":"Independent PPO-Based Robust and Scalable 3-D Configuration for Green Massive MIMO Networks","display_name":"Independent PPO-Based Robust and Scalable 3-D Configuration for Green Massive MIMO Networks","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7140213637","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgcn.2026.3677287"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgcn.2026.3677287","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgcn.2026.3677287","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192662","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2473-2400","issn":["2473-2400"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://vbn.aau.dk/da/publications/34f41e6f-9016-4c3f-b560-2b88f6105858","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Qichen Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1842-0142"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qichen Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1842-0142","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Shuai Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3519-9182"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuai Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Astronautics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3519-9182","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Astronautics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Mustafa Ozger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8517-7996"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mustafa Ozger","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8517-7996","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Cicek Cavdar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0525-4491"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cicek Cavdar","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0525-4491","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.38690413,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"2666","last_page":"2679"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.8580999970436096,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.8580999970436096,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.02070000022649765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.01940000057220459,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6589999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.6565999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.6455000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.5814999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.5515999794006348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.492000013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sleep-mode","display_name":"Sleep mode","score":0.46889999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-control","display_name":"Power control","score":0.44679999351501465}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7321000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6589999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.6565999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.6455000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.5814999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.5515999794006348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.510699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.492000013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57149124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q587346","display_name":"Sleep mode","level":4,"score":0.46889999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56685638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2300474","display_name":"Power control","level":3,"score":0.44679999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.44179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4275999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.42399999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.4196000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.41019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48677424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888088","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","level":2,"score":0.4016999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.38199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984118289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29954","display_name":"Power consumption","level":3,"score":0.35120001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.32659998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.31679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.30709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.3046000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160562895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239557","display_name":"Precoding","level":4,"score":0.28380000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165650700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4636347","display_name":"3G MIMO","level":4,"score":0.26739999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91330434","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q738298","display_name":"Multi-user MIMO","level":4,"score":0.2624000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137246740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q583970","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","level":3,"score":0.2619999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.25270000100135803}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgcn.2026.3677287","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgcn.2026.3677287","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192662","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2473-2400","issn":["2473-2400"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/34f41e6f-9016-4c3f-b560-2b88f6105858","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://vbn.aau.dk/da/publications/34f41e6f-9016-4c3f-b560-2b88f6105858","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401731","display_name":"VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I891191580","host_organization_name":"Aalborg University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Wang, Q, Zhang, S, Ozger, M & Cavdar, C 2026, 'Independent PPO-Based Robust and Scalable 3-D Configuration for Green Massive MIMO Networks', IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking, vol. 10, pp. 2666-2679. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2026.3677287","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/34f41e6f-9016-4c3f-b560-2b88f6105858","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://vbn.aau.dk/da/publications/34f41e6f-9016-4c3f-b560-2b88f6105858","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401731","display_name":"VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I891191580","host_organization_name":"Aalborg University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Wang, Q, Zhang, S, Ozger, M & Cavdar, C 2026, 'Independent PPO-Based Robust and Scalable 3-D Configuration for Green Massive MIMO Networks', IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking, vol. 10, pp. 2666-2679. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2026.3677287","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.7654030323028564}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8462067128","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RAI-6Green","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321030","funder_display_name":"VINNOVA"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321030","display_name":"VINNOVA","ror":"https://ror.org/01kd5m353"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,85],"green":[1],"massive":[2],"MIMO":[3],"networks,":[4],"reducing":[5,99],"power":[6],"consumption":[7],"(PC)":[8],"while":[9],"ensuring":[10],"user":[11,57],"quality":[12],"of":[13,50],"service":[14],"(QoS)":[15],"is":[16],"critical":[17],"for":[18],"sustainable":[19],"operation.":[20],"To":[21],"this":[22],"end,":[23],"we":[24],"propose":[25],"a":[26,47,61,72,78],"robust":[27],"and":[28,56,77,92,108],"scalable":[29],"reinforcement":[30],"learning":[31],"framework":[32],"based":[33],"on":[34],"independent":[35],"proximal":[36],"policy":[37],"optimization":[38],"(IPPO),":[39],"enabling":[40],"intelligent":[41],"base":[42],"station":[43],"(BS)":[44],"control":[45],"through":[46],"three-dimensional":[48],"configuration":[49],"antenna":[51],"activation,":[52],"sleep":[53],"mode":[54],"transitions,":[55],"offloading.":[58],"Compared":[59],"to":[60],"non-learning":[62],"simple":[63],"energy-saving":[64],"policy,":[65],"our":[66],"proposed":[67],"IPPO":[68],"algorithm":[69],"achieves":[70],"approximately":[71,103],"20.3%":[73],"reduction":[74],"in":[75,81],"PC":[76],"49%":[79],"improvement":[80],"energy":[82],"efficiency":[83],"(EE).":[84],"addition,":[86],"it":[87],"demonstrates":[88],"significantly":[89],"faster":[90],"convergence":[91,100],"better":[93],"scalability":[94],"than":[95],"multi-agent":[96],"PPO":[97],"(MAPPO),":[98],"time":[101],"by":[102,109],"75%":[104],"with":[105,112],"49":[106],"BSs":[107],"around":[110],"90%":[111],"81":[113],"BSs.":[114]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-03-25T00:00:00"}
