{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7108224345","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgcn.2025.3639186","title":"A Hybrid Protocol for Reliable and Green Operation of Multigateway LoRa Networks","display_name":"A Hybrid Protocol for Reliable and Green Operation of Multigateway LoRa Networks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7108224345","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgcn.2025.3639186"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgcn.2025.3639186","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgcn.2025.3639186","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192662","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2473-2400","issn":["2473-2400"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Anastasios Valkanis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1447-0535"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21370196","display_name":"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki","ror":"https://ror.org/02j61yw88","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anastasios Valkanis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Georgia A. Beletsioti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1895-094X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21370196","display_name":"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki","ror":"https://ror.org/02j61yw88","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Georgia A. Beletsioti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Konstantinos F. Kantelis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5289-7599"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21370196","display_name":"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki","ror":"https://ror.org/02j61yw88","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Konstantinos F. Kantelis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Petros Nicopolitidis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5059-3145"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21370196","display_name":"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki","ror":"https://ror.org/02j61yw88","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Petros Nicopolitidis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Georgios I. Papadimitriou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9529-9380"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21370196","display_name":"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki","ror":"https://ror.org/02j61yw88","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Georgios I. Papadimitriou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Malamati Louta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2283-7383"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89506807","display_name":"University of Western Macedonia","ror":"https://ror.org/00a5pe906","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I89506807"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Malamati Louta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Kozani, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Kozani, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89506807"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.52870764,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"1512","last_page":"1524"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.00139999995008111,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.633400022983551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.6266999840736389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.5881999731063843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-footprint","display_name":"Carbon footprint","score":0.5633999705314636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5090000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.4853000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.4634999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy","display_name":"Renewable energy","score":0.4577000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.4388999938964844}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.633400022983551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.6266999840736389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.5881999731063843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780936489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310667","display_name":"Carbon footprint","level":3,"score":0.5633999705314636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5090000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.49309998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.4853000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.4634999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.4577000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.4388999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.4219000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187713609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2465461","display_name":"Default gateway","level":2,"score":0.4187999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776190866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1341477","display_name":"Energy supply","level":3,"score":0.31029999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520301825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380170","display_name":"Energy conservation","level":2,"score":0.29600000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.29010000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2809000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.27799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132943942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2562511","display_name":"Footprint","level":2,"score":0.2754000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.27489998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.27230000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75027835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1064746","display_name":"Green computing","level":3,"score":0.26570001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12269588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132364","display_name":"Communications protocol","level":2,"score":0.2635999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.25780001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104954878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707","display_name":"Routing protocol","level":3,"score":0.2556000053882599}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgcn.2025.3639186","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgcn.2025.3639186","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192662","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2473-2400","issn":["2473-2400"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8744769096374512,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2571649827","https://openalex.org/W2614897509","https://openalex.org/W2766513146","https://openalex.org/W2803104409","https://openalex.org/W2808039834","https://openalex.org/W2889638344","https://openalex.org/W2898664533","https://openalex.org/W2900251987","https://openalex.org/W2901378758","https://openalex.org/W2903076712","https://openalex.org/W2911373350","https://openalex.org/W2914049166","https://openalex.org/W2921346000","https://openalex.org/W2924595251","https://openalex.org/W2959305674","https://openalex.org/W2960832153","https://openalex.org/W2962714198","https://openalex.org/W2970931859","https://openalex.org/W2974870489","https://openalex.org/W2982338244","https://openalex.org/W2997756502","https://openalex.org/W3006863034","https://openalex.org/W3045976951","https://openalex.org/W3093994614","https://openalex.org/W3094908869","https://openalex.org/W3112255959","https://openalex.org/W4281717822","https://openalex.org/W4285155555","https://openalex.org/W4312526660","https://openalex.org/W4312790571","https://openalex.org/W4381623558","https://openalex.org/W4385453274","https://openalex.org/W4386214527","https://openalex.org/W4388107340","https://openalex.org/W4392630758","https://openalex.org/W4399426026"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"LoRa":[0,52,81,142,173],"networks":[1,29,174],"are":[2],"a":[3,43,107],"reliable":[4],"and":[5,48,64,76,97,119,153],"efficient":[6],"technology":[7],"for":[8,23],"the":[9,24,37,46,55,59,67,77,95,113,117,120,134,139,146,151,157,164,176],"deployment":[10],"of":[11,27,36,58,80,85,116,122,141,156,172],"long-range":[12],"IoT":[13],"networks.":[14,53,82],"Their":[15],"operating":[16],"characteristics":[17],"make":[18],"them":[19],"an":[20],"ideal":[21],"choice":[22],"low-cost":[25],"installation":[26,74,96],"sensor":[28],"in":[30,138],"hard-to-reach":[31],"wide":[32],"areas.":[33],"The":[34,83,130,159],"densification":[35],"deployed":[38],"gateways":[39,60,88,118],"is":[40,150],"considered":[41],"as":[42,179,181],"solution":[44],"to":[45,90,145],"reliability":[47,121],"scalability":[49],"issues":[50],"facing":[51],"However,":[54],"energy":[56,92,114],"needs":[57],"require":[61],"their":[62,99,126,184],"connection":[63],"supply":[65],"with":[66],"power":[68],"grid.":[69],"This":[70],"requirement":[71],"increases":[72],"both":[73,112],"costs":[75],"carbon":[78,100,185],"footprint":[79],"prospect":[84],"battery":[86],"operated":[87],"connected":[89],"renewable":[91],"resources":[93],"simplifies":[94],"reduces":[98,183],"footprint.":[101,186],"In":[102],"this":[103],"paper":[104],"we":[105],"propose":[106],"hybrid":[108],"protocol":[109,136,166],"that":[110,133,163],"improves":[111,168],"efficiency":[115],"Lora":[123],"networks,":[124,143],"making":[125],"green":[127],"operation":[128,140],"feasible.":[129],"main":[131],"differentiation":[132],"proposed":[135,165],"provides":[137],"compared":[144],"existing":[147,177],"LoRaWAN":[148],"protocol,":[149,178],"dynamic":[152],"intelligent":[154],"activation/deactivation":[155],"gateways.":[158],"simulation":[160],"results":[161],"show":[162],"greatly":[167],"key":[169],"performance":[170],"metrics":[171],"over":[175],"well":[180],"significantly":[182]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-12-03T00:00:00"}