{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415353181","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgcn.2025.3623642","title":"Energy and Pilot Efficient Beamforming for LoS Wireless Power Transfer","display_name":"Energy and Pilot Efficient Beamforming for LoS Wireless Power Transfer","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415353181","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgcn.2025.3623642"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgcn.2025.3623642","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgcn.2025.3623642","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192662","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2473-2400","issn":["2473-2400"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040715294","display_name":"Steven Claessens","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7509-7917"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114974","display_name":"IMEC","ror":"https://ror.org/02kcbn207","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Steven Claessens","raw_affiliation_strings":["ESAT-WaveCoRE Division, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","ESAT-WaveCoRE division, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7509-7917","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ESAT-WaveCoRE Division, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974","https://openalex.org/I99464096"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ESAT-WaveCoRE division, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974","https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038959254","display_name":"Khodr Hammoud","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2999-645X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114974","display_name":"IMEC","ror":"https://ror.org/02kcbn207","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khodr Hammoud","raw_affiliation_strings":["ESAT-WaveCoRE Division, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","ESAT-WaveCoRE division, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2999-645X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ESAT-WaveCoRE Division, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974","https://openalex.org/I99464096"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ESAT-WaveCoRE division, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974","https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035133096","display_name":"Prerna Dhull","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0451-4872"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114974","display_name":"IMEC","ror":"https://ror.org/02kcbn207","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Prerna Dhull","raw_affiliation_strings":["ESAT-WaveCoRE Division, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","ESAT-WaveCoRE division, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0451-4872","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ESAT-WaveCoRE Division, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974","https://openalex.org/I99464096"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ESAT-WaveCoRE division, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974","https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013673918","display_name":"Dominique Schreurs","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4018-7936"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114974","display_name":"IMEC","ror":"https://ror.org/02kcbn207","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dominique Schreurs","raw_affiliation_strings":["ESAT-WaveCoRE Division, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","ESAT-WaveCoRE division, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4018-7936","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ESAT-WaveCoRE Division, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974","https://openalex.org/I99464096"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ESAT-WaveCoRE division, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974","https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028689021","display_name":"Sofie Pollin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1470-2076"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114974","display_name":"IMEC","ror":"https://ror.org/02kcbn207","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sofie Pollin","raw_affiliation_strings":["imec, Leuven, Belgium","ESAT-WaveCoRE division, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1470-2076","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"imec, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ESAT-WaveCoRE division, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974","https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040715294"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974","https://openalex.org/I99464096"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.28063278,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"1293","last_page":"1307"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11249","display_name":"Wireless Power Transfer Systems","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.8668000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.6452999711036682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.5835999846458435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.5654000043869019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.5515999794006348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.5430999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.5040000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximum-power-transfer-theorem","display_name":"Maximum power transfer theorem","score":0.5024999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.49959999322891235}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.8668000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.6452999711036682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.5835999846458435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.5654000043869019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.5515999794006348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.5508999824523926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.5430999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5040000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5037999749183655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186554","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17103352","display_name":"Maximum power transfer theorem","level":3,"score":0.5024999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.49959999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779423816","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6856398","display_name":"Wireless power transfer","level":3,"score":0.4984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65422117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q358527","display_name":"Transmitter power output","level":4,"score":0.4839000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.477400004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.42669999599456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4122999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.3637000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557945733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q389772","display_name":"Data transmission","level":2,"score":0.35690000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.35249999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.34290000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.3393999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92018576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3242194","display_name":"Power transmission","level":3,"score":0.3359000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.3321000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197264572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2095206","display_name":"Pilot signal","level":3,"score":0.295199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149768029","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1509342","display_name":"Power budget","level":4,"score":0.2524000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.251800000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2515000104904175}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgcn.2025.3623642","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgcn.2025.3623642","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192662","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2473-2400","issn":["2473-2400"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lirias2repo.kuleuven.be:20.500.12942/774311","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/20.500.12942/774311","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401954","display_name":"Lirias (KU Leuven)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","host_organization_name":"KU Leuven","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking, vol. 10, (1293-1307)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G209595835","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"S001521N","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321730","funder_display_name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7056855086","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101096021","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337995","funder_display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Innovative Europe"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8662635375","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"G085818N","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321730","funder_display_name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321730","display_name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","ror":"https://ror.org/03qtxy027"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337995","display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Innovative Europe","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Beamforming":[0],"is":[1,124,237],"a":[2,24,49,56,96,121,128,136,188,221],"highly":[3],"effective":[4,126],"technique":[5],"for":[6,23,30,105,185,217,239],"enhancing":[7],"wireless":[8,202],"power":[9,15,41,108,138,203,228],"transfer":[10,204],"efficiency":[11],"by":[12,174],"focusing":[13],"transmitted":[14],"on":[16,112,225],"receiver":[17],"nodes.":[18],"To":[19],"eliminate":[20],"the":[21,65,72,76,80,87,106,133,147,166,175,180,199,215,226],"need":[22,216],"local":[25],"oscillator":[26],"in":[27,95,153],"each":[28],"sensor":[29,167],"uplink":[31,51,83],"pilot":[32,58,93,182],"transmission":[33,183],"and":[34,61,78,92,145,195,231],"per-node":[35],"channel":[36],"estimation,":[37],"we":[38,178],"examine":[39],"three":[40],"beamsteering":[42],"techniques:":[43],"beamsharing,":[44],"where":[45],"nearby":[46],"targets":[47],"share":[48],"single":[50],"pilot;":[52],"beamtracking,":[53],"which":[54,63],"uses":[55],"dedicated":[57],"per":[59],"target;":[60],"beamfilling,":[62],"covers":[64],"entire":[66],"device":[67],"plane.":[68],"This":[69,206],"approach":[70],"reduces":[71],"energy":[73,155],"consumption":[74],"of":[75,82,149],"nodes":[77],"minimizes":[79],"number":[81,148],"pilots.":[84],"We":[85],"assess":[86],"trade-off":[88],"between":[89],"array":[90,123],"gain":[91],"cost":[94],"scenario":[97],"with":[98,120],"multiple":[99],"power-receiving":[100],"nodes,":[101],"deriving":[102],"analytical":[103],"expressions":[104],"received":[107],"spot":[109,139,229],"profile":[110],"based":[111,224],"physical":[113],"distance.":[114],"Our":[115,157],"findings":[116],"indicate":[117],"that":[118,161,169,192,208],"beamsharing":[119],"collocated":[122],"more":[125,143,209],"than":[127],"distributed":[129],"transmitter":[130],"array,":[131],"as":[132],"former":[134],"provides":[135],"larger":[137],"size,":[140],"thereby":[141],"serving":[142],"sensors":[144,210,240],"reducing":[146],"required":[150],"pilots,":[151],"resulting":[152],"increased":[154],"efficiency.":[156,205],"analysis":[158],"further":[159],"shows":[160],"beamfilling":[162],"does":[163],"not":[164],"extend":[165],"region":[168],"can":[170,211],"be":[171,212],"wirelessly":[172],"powered":[173,213],"transmitter.":[176],"Additionally,":[177],"derive":[179],"optimal":[181],"periodicity":[184],"beamtracking":[186],"to":[187,219,241,244],"mobile":[189],"target,":[190],"demonstrating":[191],"less":[193],"frequent":[194],"coarser":[196],"beamforming":[197],"yields":[198],"highest":[200],"dynamic":[201],"implies":[207],"without":[214],"all":[218],"transmit":[220,245],"pilot.":[222],"Finally,":[223],"derived":[227],"size":[230],"beam":[232],"profile,":[233],"an":[234],"opportunistic":[235],"strategy":[236],"proposed":[238],"decide":[242],"whether":[243],"pilots":[246],"autonomously.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-21T00:00:00"}
