{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4394586216","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgcn.2024.3386066","title":"Energy-Efficient Carrier Aggregation in 5G Using Constrained Multi-Agent MDP","display_name":"Energy-Efficient Carrier Aggregation in 5G Using Constrained Multi-Agent MDP","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4394586216","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgcn.2024.3386066"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgcn.2024.3386066","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tgcn.2024.3386066","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192662","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2473-2400","issn":["2473-2400"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049344765","display_name":"Medhat Elsayed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1106-6078"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","display_name":"University of Ottawa","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4mmv16","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094041","display_name":"Ericsson (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/00nas2c56","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306339040","https://openalex.org/I4210094041"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Medhat Elsayed","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada","Ericsson Canada, Ottawa, ON Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1106-6078","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ericsson Canada, Ottawa, ON Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038550884","display_name":"Roghayeh Joda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1273-8067"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","display_name":"University of Ottawa","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4mmv16","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094041","display_name":"Ericsson (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/00nas2c56","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306339040","https://openalex.org/I4210094041"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roghayeh Joda","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada","Ericsson Canada, Ottawa, ON Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1273-8067","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ericsson Canada, Ottawa, ON Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017937596","display_name":"Fahime Khoramnejad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1996-1317"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","display_name":"University of Ottawa","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4mmv16","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46247651","display_name":"University of Manitoba","ror":"https://ror.org/02gfys938","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46247651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fahime Khoramnejad","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1996-1317","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46247651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103633684","display_name":"David Chan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","display_name":"University of Ottawa","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4mmv16","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Chan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074645771","display_name":"Akram Bin Sediq","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1260-2853"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094041","display_name":"Ericsson (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/00nas2c56","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306339040","https://openalex.org/I4210094041"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akram Bin Sediq","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Research and Development, Ericsson Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1260-2853","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Research and Development, Ericsson Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037720618","display_name":"Gary Boudreau","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3539-9624"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094041","display_name":"Ericsson (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/00nas2c56","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306339040","https://openalex.org/I4210094041"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gary Boudreau","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Research and Development, Ericsson Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3539-9624","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Research and Development, Ericsson Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094041"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089891162","display_name":"Melike Erol\u2010Kantarci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6787-8457"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","display_name":"University of Ottawa","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4mmv16","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Melike Erol-Kantarci","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6787-8457","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049344765"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931","https://openalex.org/I4210094041"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7557,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69618651,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"4","first_page":"1595","last_page":"1606"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11409","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Network Optimization","score":0.9793000221252441,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5287976861000061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.466123104095459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.3789101243019104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13719287514686584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.07117173075675964}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5287976861000061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.466123104095459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3789101243019104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13719287514686584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.07117173075675964}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgcn.2024.3386066","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tgcn.2024.3386066","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192662","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2473-2400","issn":["2473-2400"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8899999856948853,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W2478288626","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2350741829"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Carrier":[0],"Aggregation":[1],"(CA)":[2],"is":[3,134,182,195],"a":[4,54,64],"promising":[5],"technology":[6],"in":[7,34,113,118,171,176,197],"LTE":[8],"and":[9,56,83,95,122,143,149,185,189,240],"5G":[10],"networks":[11],"that":[12,205],"enhances":[13],"the":[14,17,29,36,43,48,74,86,96,99,111,114,119,123,127,141,160,173,177,187,190,198,211,215,219,226,245],"throughput":[15,49,188,217],"of":[16,50,98,103,126,180,192],"users.":[18],"However,":[19],"since":[20],"each":[21,156],"User":[22],"Equipment":[23],"(UE)":[24],"has":[25],"to":[26,89,136,244],"continuously":[27],"monitor":[28],"activated":[30,154,193],"Component":[31],"Carriers":[32],"(CCs)":[33],"CA,":[35],"UE":[37,227,246],"energy":[38,44],"consumption":[39,45,229],"increases.":[40],"To":[41,67],"reduce":[42],"while":[46,224],"maximizing":[47],"UEs,":[51],"we":[52,71,164],"propose":[53],"dynamic":[55],"proactive":[57],"CC":[58,152,221],"management":[59],"scheme":[60,133],"for":[61,155],"5G,":[62],"using":[63],"Q-Learning":[65,87,208],"algorithm.":[66],"address":[68],"our":[69,166,206],"problem,":[70],"first":[72,142],"model":[73,82],"corresponding":[75],"Constrained":[76],"Multi-agent":[77],"Markov":[78],"Decision":[79],"Process":[80],"(CMMDP)":[81],"then":[84],"utilize":[85],"algorithm":[88,209,223],"solve":[90],"it.":[91],"The":[92],"time":[93],"inter-arrival":[94],"size":[97],"next":[100],"incoming":[101],"bursts":[102],"data":[104,112,175],"are":[105,116,153,235],"proactively":[106],"predicted":[107],"and,":[108],"along":[109],"with":[110],"buffer,":[115],"considered":[117,184],"state":[120],"space":[121],"reward":[124],"function":[125],"machine":[128],"learning":[129],"model.":[130],"Our":[131],"proposed":[132,207],"compared":[135],"three":[137],"baseline":[138,145,162],"schemes.":[139],"In":[140],"second":[144],"algorithms,":[146],"all":[147,220],"CCs":[148,194,242],"only":[150],"single":[151],"UE,":[157],"respectively.":[158],"For":[159],"last":[161],"algorithm,":[163,170],"simplify":[165],"Reinforcement":[167],"Learning":[168],"(RL)":[169],"which":[172],"remaining":[174],"scheduling":[178],"buffer":[179],"users":[181],"not":[183],"also":[186],"number":[191],"balanced":[196],"low":[199],"traffic":[200,247],"load.":[201],"Simulation":[202],"results":[203],"reveal":[204],"outperforms":[210],"baselines.":[212],"It":[213],"achieves":[214],"same":[216],"as":[218],"activation":[222],"reducing":[225],"power":[228],"by":[230,237],"about":[231],"20%.":[232],"These":[233],"benefits":[234],"achieved":[236],"dynamically":[238],"activating":[239],"deactivating":[241],"according":[243],"pattern.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-31T08:46:17.908082","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
