{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4313591677","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgcn.2022.3233863","title":"Joint Beamforming Design for Dual-Functional MIMO Radar and Communication Systems Guaranteeing Physical Layer Security","display_name":"Joint Beamforming Design for Dual-Functional MIMO Radar and Communication Systems Guaranteeing Physical Layer Security","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4313591677","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgcn.2022.3233863"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgcn.2022.3233863","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgcn.2022.3233863","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192662","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2473-2400","issn":["2473-2400"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042855614","display_name":"Fuwang Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6522-9082"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3045169105","display_name":"Southern University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049tv2d57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fuwang Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100391971","display_name":"Wei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4392-1884"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Intelligent System Science and Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Intelligent System Science and Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037102096","display_name":"Xin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8417-6016"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Intelligent System Science and Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Intelligent System Science and Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100371038","display_name":"Fan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5299-9317"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3045169105","display_name":"Southern University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049tv2d57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136793","display_name":"Peng Cheng Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03qdqbt06","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China","Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100320969","display_name":"Sheng Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6882-600X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheng Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091122305","display_name":"Lajos Hanzo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2636-5214"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lajos Hanzo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042855614"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":51.058,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":62,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99857139,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"1","first_page":"537","last_page":"549"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-layer","display_name":"Physical layer","score":0.7729533314704895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/joint","display_name":"Joint (building)","score":0.6867831945419312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.6759946346282959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.647821307182312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dual","display_name":"Dual (grammatical number)","score":0.5809003114700317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5746649503707886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3g-mimo","display_name":"3G MIMO","score":0.4969225227832794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dual-layer","display_name":"Dual layer","score":0.4465503394603729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.4424819350242615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.37029147148132324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.34167349338531494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3262749910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layer","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","score":0.28922542929649353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2578694820404053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.11074188351631165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.06134781241416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.059648603200912476}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19247436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"Physical layer","level":3,"score":0.7729533314704895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18555067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8375051","display_name":"Joint (building)","level":2,"score":0.6867831945419312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.6759946346282959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.647821307182312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780980858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q110022","display_name":"Dual (grammatical number)","level":2,"score":0.5809003114700317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5746649503707886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165650700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4636347","display_name":"3G MIMO","level":4,"score":0.4969225227832794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993148961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5294","display_name":"Dual layer","level":3,"score":0.4465503394603729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.4424819350242615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.37029147148132324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.34167349338531494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3262749910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.28922542929649353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2578694820404053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.11074188351631165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.06134781241416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.059648603200912476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgcn.2022.3233863","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgcn.2022.3233863","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192662","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2473-2400","issn":["2473-2400"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.soton.ac.uk:473848","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/473848/2/TGCN2023_Mar.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401019","display_name":"ePrints Soton (University of Southampton)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","host_organization_name":"University of Southampton","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1131370387","display_name":"UKRI-India Future Networks Initiative","funder_award_id":"EP/W016605/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1471839284","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/W016605/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1505022711","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/P003990/1 (COALESCE)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2394373749","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"789028","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334678","funder_display_name":"European Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2422336959","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/P003990/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3152934472","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"3072021CFT0404","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4320585826","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62271163","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4354455151","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62101234","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4952808109","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"YESS20210055","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311778","funder_display_name":"China Association for Science and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5015444707","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"3072022QBZ0401","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311778","display_name":"China Association for Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/035vmht26"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334678","display_name":"European Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0472cxd90"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W151604921","https://openalex.org/W1568096262","https://openalex.org/W1996215314","https://openalex.org/W2002487065","https://openalex.org/W2007529001","https://openalex.org/W2037261607","https://openalex.org/W2066459185","https://openalex.org/W2097767885","https://openalex.org/W2098126478","https://openalex.org/W2109800347","https://openalex.org/W2125930644","https://openalex.org/W2146761479","https://openalex.org/W2155951048","https://openalex.org/W2195693430","https://openalex.org/W2528695050","https://openalex.org/W2590141315","https://openalex.org/W2598194391","https://openalex.org/W2769776241","https://openalex.org/W2795059371","https://openalex.org/W2886726856","https://openalex.org/W2964202652","https://openalex.org/W2971738358","https://openalex.org/W2972757045","https://openalex.org/W3006143078","https://openalex.org/W3006495148","https://openalex.org/W3028913313","https://openalex.org/W3038047043","https://openalex.org/W3038233023","https://openalex.org/W3119152637","https://openalex.org/W3133505491","https://openalex.org/W3134527039","https://openalex.org/W3151834167","https://openalex.org/W3180304393","https://openalex.org/W3183034622","https://openalex.org/W3194620979","https://openalex.org/W3213070675","https://openalex.org/W4210690840"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2038397443","https://openalex.org/W4200145345","https://openalex.org/W2112785353","https://openalex.org/W2766792752","https://openalex.org/W2941374357","https://openalex.org/W1561113522","https://openalex.org/W1495906304","https://openalex.org/W2935871810","https://openalex.org/W1993205288","https://openalex.org/W1520753245"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,80],"dual-functional":[1],"radar":[2,54,102],"and":[3,24,71,110,122,164],"communication":[4,105],"(DFRC)":[5],"technique":[6],"constitutes":[7],"a":[8,87,93,117,123,138],"promising":[9],"next-generation":[10],"wireless":[11],"solution,":[12],"due":[13],"to":[14,126],"its":[15],"benefits":[16],"in":[17],"terms":[18],"of":[19,77,101,107],"power":[20],"consumption,":[21],"physical":[22,43],"hardware,":[23],"spectrum":[25],"exploitation.":[26],"In":[27],"this":[28],"paper,":[29],"we":[30,115],"propose":[31,116],"sophisticated":[32],"beamforming":[33,82,140],"designs":[34],"for":[35,65,72,91,145,159],"multi-user":[36],"DFRC":[37],"systems":[38],"by":[39],"additionally":[40],"taking":[41],"the":[42,60,68,97,111,128,131,166],"layer":[44],"security":[45],"(PLS)":[46],"into":[47],"account.":[48],"We":[49],"show":[50,165],"that":[51],"appropriately":[52],"designed":[53],"waveforms":[55],"can":[56],"also":[57,143],"act":[58],"as":[59,86],"traditional":[61],"artificial":[62],"noise":[63],"conceived":[64],"drowning":[66],"out":[67],"eavesdropping":[69],"channel":[70,149],"attaining":[73],"increased":[74],"design":[75,83,99],"degrees":[76],"freedom":[78],"(DoF).":[79],"joint":[81],"is":[84,142],"formulated":[85],"non-convex":[88],"optimization":[89],"problem":[90],"striking":[92],"compelling":[94],"trade-off":[95],"amongst":[96],"conflicting":[98],"objectives":[100],"transmit":[103],"beampattern,":[104],"quality":[106],"service":[108],"(QoS),":[109],"PLS":[112],"level.":[113],"Then,":[114],"semidefinite":[118],"relaxation":[119],"(SDR)-based":[120],"algorithm":[121],"reduced-complexity":[124],"version":[125],"tackle":[127],"non-convexity,":[129],"where":[130],"globally":[132],"optimal":[133],"solutions":[134],"are":[135,157],"found.":[136],"Moreover,":[137],"robust":[139],"method":[141],"developed":[144],"considering":[146],"realistic":[147],"imperfect":[148],"state":[150],"information":[151],"(CSI)":[152],"knowledge.":[153],"Finally,":[154],"simulation":[155],"results":[156,163],"provided":[158],"corroborating":[160],"our":[161],"theoretical":[162],"proposed":[167],"methods\u2019":[168],"superiority.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}