{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312330361","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgcn.2022.3226801","title":"Hybrid Beamforming With Sub-Connected Structure for MmWave Massive Multi-User MIMO Relay Systems","display_name":"Hybrid Beamforming With Sub-Connected Structure for MmWave Massive Multi-User MIMO Relay Systems","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312330361","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgcn.2022.3226801"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgcn.2022.3226801","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgcn.2022.3226801","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192662","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2473-2400","issn":["2473-2400"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12628/27916","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077580654","display_name":"Meng Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5008-5167"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75689368","display_name":"Communication University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04facbs33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75689368"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Meng Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Media Convergence and Communication, Communication University of China, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5008-5167","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Media Convergence and Communication, Communication University of China, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75689368"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054457063","display_name":"Jianhe Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7538-8818"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75689368","display_name":"Communication University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04facbs33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75689368"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianhe Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Media Convergence and Communication, Communication University of China, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7538-8818","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Media Convergence and Communication, Communication University of China, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75689368"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060334355","display_name":"Yang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7246-8794"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75689368","display_name":"Communication University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04facbs33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75689368"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Media Convergence and Communication, Communication University of China, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Media Convergence and Communication, Communication University of China, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75689368"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053969003","display_name":"Yuanzhi Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9749-7313"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75689368","display_name":"Communication University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04facbs33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75689368"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanzhi Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Media Convergence and Communication, Communication University of China, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Media Convergence and Communication, Communication University of China, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75689368"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076986736","display_name":"Xingwang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0907-6517"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166499","display_name":"Henan Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vr1c885","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166499"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingwang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics and Electronic Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0907-6517","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics and Electronic Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166499"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030692615","display_name":"Khaled M. Rabie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9784-3703"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11983389","display_name":"Manchester Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02hstj355","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khaled M. Rabie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077024961","display_name":"Ferdi Kara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9735-5200"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3017902709","display_name":"Zonguldak B\u00fclent Ecevit University","ror":"https://ror.org/01dvabv26","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3017902709"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ferdi Kara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9735-5200","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3017902709"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077580654"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75689368"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8314,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71834715,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"2","first_page":"772","last_page":"786"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10262","display_name":"Microwave Engineering and Waveguides","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.7282767295837402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.7096531987190247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6910284161567688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relay","display_name":"Relay","score":0.624929666519165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel-state-information","display_name":"Channel state information","score":0.528542697429657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseband","display_name":"Baseband","score":0.4707259237766266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.417675256729126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.320317804813385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2282729148864746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.22075146436691284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.1075180172920227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10173577070236206}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.7282767295837402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.7096531987190247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6910284161567688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778156585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174053","display_name":"Relay","level":3,"score":0.624929666519165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148063708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072511","display_name":"Channel state information","level":3,"score":0.528542697429657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65165936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q575784","display_name":"Baseband","level":3,"score":0.4707259237766266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.417675256729126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.320317804813385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2282729148864746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.22075146436691284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.1075180172920227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10173577070236206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgcn.2022.3226801","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgcn.2022.3226801","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192662","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2473-2400","issn":["2473-2400"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:e-space.mmu.ac.uk:632943","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401617","display_name":"e-space (Manchester Metropolitan University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I11983389","host_organization_name":"Manchester Metropolitan University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:acikarsiv.beun.edu.tr:20.500.12628/27916","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12628/27916","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055168","display_name":"Zonguldak B\u00fclent Ecevit University Institutional Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:acikarsiv.beun.edu.tr:20.500.12628/27916","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12628/27916","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055168","display_name":"Zonguldak B\u00fclent Ecevit University Institutional Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9100000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1147474375","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62071435","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1897857667","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CUC220D001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G260968719","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U2141233","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G27848180","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61601414","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4343319794","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"L191003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1423052447","https://openalex.org/W1432778544","https://openalex.org/W1992463666","https://openalex.org/W1997834106","https://openalex.org/W2004222718","https://openalex.org/W2041287972","https://openalex.org/W2051388965","https://openalex.org/W2111953900","https://openalex.org/W2117014495","https://openalex.org/W2127271355","https://openalex.org/W2154212924","https://openalex.org/W2163762663","https://openalex.org/W2167455364","https://openalex.org/W2170510856","https://openalex.org/W2173564049","https://openalex.org/W2272804037","https://openalex.org/W2463526659","https://openalex.org/W2532930308","https://openalex.org/W2774884340","https://openalex.org/W2793533110","https://openalex.org/W2801974178","https://openalex.org/W2805231505","https://openalex.org/W2888031968","https://openalex.org/W2889447817","https://openalex.org/W2899529562","https://openalex.org/W2902385891","https://openalex.org/W2919219856","https://openalex.org/W2920611773","https://openalex.org/W2924874421","https://openalex.org/W2936937665","https://openalex.org/W2961458745","https://openalex.org/W2962809912","https://openalex.org/W2963108822","https://openalex.org/W2963290381","https://openalex.org/W2963933750","https://openalex.org/W2973818893","https://openalex.org/W2981629859","https://openalex.org/W2981992764","https://openalex.org/W2982542462","https://openalex.org/W2982552648","https://openalex.org/W2985756765","https://openalex.org/W2989714518","https://openalex.org/W2989985046","https://openalex.org/W3092134896","https://openalex.org/W3092282640","https://openalex.org/W3094009313","https://openalex.org/W3099757519","https://openalex.org/W3103173964","https://openalex.org/W3202297879","https://openalex.org/W3213982238"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2787091472","https://openalex.org/W2059045613","https://openalex.org/W2724724053","https://openalex.org/W4220680272","https://openalex.org/W2088352174","https://openalex.org/W2463175948","https://openalex.org/W2561242965","https://openalex.org/W884630482","https://openalex.org/W2006290459","https://openalex.org/W2465954300"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,130],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3],"investigate":[4],"the":[5,25,38,42,49,57,77,96,109,132],"hybrid":[6,112],"beamforming":[7,40,113],"design":[8,37],"with":[9],"sub-connected":[10],"structure":[11],"for":[12,95],"millimeter-wave":[13],"(mmWave)":[14],"massive":[15],"multi-user":[16],"multiple-input":[17],"multiple-output":[18],"(MU-MIMO)":[19],"amplify-and-forward":[20],"(AF)":[21],"relay":[22,50],"systems.":[23],"Considering":[24],"constant-modulus":[26],"and":[27,46,86,100,123,126],"block-diagonal":[28],"constraints,":[29],"an":[30,66],"iterative":[31],"algorithm":[32],"is":[33,53],"proposed":[34,111,134],"to":[35,138,141],"sequentially":[36],"analog":[39],"of":[41,121],"base":[43],"station,":[44],"relay,":[45],"users.":[47],"Next,":[48],"baseband":[51],"combiner":[52],"designed":[54],"by":[55],"transforming":[56],"highly":[58],"complicated":[59],"non-convex":[60],"mutual":[61],"information":[62,145],"maximization":[63],"problem":[64],"into":[65],"easily":[67],"tractable":[68],"weighted":[69],"minimum":[70],"mean":[71],"squared":[72],"error":[73],"one.":[74],"To":[75],"mitigate":[76],"inter-user":[78],"interference,":[79],"a":[80,87],"successive":[81,89],"serial":[82],"interference":[83],"cancellation":[84],"based":[85,91,152],"piecewise":[88],"approximation":[90],"methods":[92],"are":[93,136,150],"developed":[94],"uniform":[97],"sparse":[98],"distribution":[99,102],"dense":[101],"scenarios,":[103],"respectively.":[104],"Simulation":[105],"results":[106],"demonstrate":[107],"that":[108],"two":[110,133],"schemes":[114,135],"can":[115],"achieve":[116],"good":[117],"performance":[118],"in":[119],"terms":[120],"sum-rate":[122],"energy":[124],"efficiency,":[125],"outperform":[127],"benchmarks":[128],"significantly.":[129],"addition,":[131],"shown":[137],"be":[139],"robust":[140],"imperfect":[142],"channel":[143],"state":[144],"(CSI),":[146],"even":[147],"though":[148],"they":[149],"studied":[151],"on":[153],"perfect":[154],"CSI.":[155]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-29T09:16:38.111599","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}