{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4289656180","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgcn.2022.3196013","title":"Energy Efficient AP Selection for Cell-Free Massive MIMO Systems: Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach","display_name":"Energy Efficient AP Selection for Cell-Free Massive MIMO Systems: Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4289656180","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgcn.2022.3196013"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgcn.2022.3196013","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgcn.2022.3196013","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192662","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2473-2400","issn":["2473-2400"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077373900","display_name":"Niyousha Ghiasi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3960-9115"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67009956","display_name":"Iran University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01jw2p796","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67009956"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Niyousha Ghiasi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67009956"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045818887","display_name":"Shima Mashhadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0781-5654"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67009956","display_name":"Iran University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01jw2p796","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67009956"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shima Mashhadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67009956"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011023416","display_name":"Shahrokh Farahmand","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4953-2441"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67009956","display_name":"Iran University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01jw2p796","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67009956"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shahrokh Farahmand","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67009956"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051253787","display_name":"S. Mohammad Razavizadeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1732-4779"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67009956","display_name":"Iran University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01jw2p796","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67009956"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Mohammad Razavizadeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67009956"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100697614","display_name":"Inkyu Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3701-4433"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Inkyu Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077373900"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67009956"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.9711,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":47,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94457179,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"1","first_page":"29","last_page":"41"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12791","display_name":"Full-Duplex Wireless Communications","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.8184754848480225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.6692451238632202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximization","display_name":"Maximization","score":0.6383957266807556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6379753351211548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.5718035101890564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.5296715497970581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.45775946974754333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimization-problem","display_name":"Optimization problem","score":0.4573296010494232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.4542860984802246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.44957223534584045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-space","display_name":"State space","score":0.448927104473114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel-state-information","display_name":"Channel state information","score":0.43986061215400696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.355938196182251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.24559584259986877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2247934639453888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.22291222214698792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09033867716789246}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.8184754848480225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.6692451238632202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776330181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18358244","display_name":"Maximization","level":2,"score":0.6383957266807556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6379753351211548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.5718035101890564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.5296715497970581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.45775946974754333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.4573296010494232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.4542860984802246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.44957223534584045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72434380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230930","display_name":"State space","level":2,"score":0.448927104473114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148063708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072511","display_name":"Channel state information","level":3,"score":0.43986061215400696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.355938196182251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.24559584259986877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2247934639453888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.22291222214698792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09033867716789246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgcn.2022.3196013","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgcn.2022.3196013","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192662","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2473-2400","issn":["2473-2400"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9100000262260437,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6011370873","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022R1A5A1027646","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322030","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322030","display_name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning","ror":"https://ror.org/032e49973"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W250076511","https://openalex.org/W2102050507","https://openalex.org/W2106434019","https://openalex.org/W2106929598","https://openalex.org/W2286275639","https://openalex.org/W2559744077","https://openalex.org/W2593893328","https://openalex.org/W2889454423","https://openalex.org/W2904246096","https://openalex.org/W2919337008","https://openalex.org/W2920854799","https://openalex.org/W2924818594","https://openalex.org/W2963864421","https://openalex.org/W2974046131","https://openalex.org/W2981037657","https://openalex.org/W2984884920","https://openalex.org/W3003247710","https://openalex.org/W3011369253","https://openalex.org/W3034408430","https://openalex.org/W3034647238","https://openalex.org/W3038830320","https://openalex.org/W3041415426","https://openalex.org/W3045912855","https://openalex.org/W3091934141","https://openalex.org/W3097994999","https://openalex.org/W3102684176","https://openalex.org/W3105610356","https://openalex.org/W3114453971","https://openalex.org/W3136003212","https://openalex.org/W3161209009","https://openalex.org/W3169380645","https://openalex.org/W3194975941","https://openalex.org/W4200526042","https://openalex.org/W4214717370","https://openalex.org/W4225616042","https://openalex.org/W4226179612","https://openalex.org/W4285195589","https://openalex.org/W6684921986","https://openalex.org/W6757592117","https://openalex.org/W6769218391"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2059045613","https://openalex.org/W884630482","https://openalex.org/W2025723618","https://openalex.org/W4225571923","https://openalex.org/W2552025594","https://openalex.org/W3212257828","https://openalex.org/W4211013851","https://openalex.org/W2999580272","https://openalex.org/W4297873223","https://openalex.org/W3009457412"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"problem":[1,70,83],"of":[2,99,167],"access":[3,59],"point":[4],"(AP)":[5],"to":[6,34,60,79,92,153],"device":[7],"association":[8,31],"in":[9,47,158],"a":[10,122,126,140],"cell-free":[11],"massive":[12],"multiple-input":[13],"multiple-output":[14],"(MIMO)":[15],"system":[16],"is":[17,71],"investigated.":[18],"Utilizing":[19],"energy":[20],"efficiency":[21],"(EE)":[22],"as":[23],"our":[24,48,100],"main":[25],"metric,":[26],"we":[27,113],"determine":[28],"the":[29,93,115,164,168],"optimal":[30],"parameters":[32],"subject":[33],"minimum":[35],"rate":[36],"constraints":[37],"for":[38],"all":[39,43],"devices.":[40],"We":[41,77],"incorporate":[42],"existing":[44,104,132],"practical":[45],"concerns":[46],"formulation,":[49],"including":[50],"training":[51],"errors,":[52],"pilot":[53],"contamination,":[54],"and":[55,74,130,145],"central":[56],"processing":[57],"unit":[58],"only":[61],"statistical":[62],"channel":[63],"state":[64],"information":[65],"(CSI).":[66],"This":[67],"EE":[68],"maximization":[69],"highly":[72],"non-convex":[73],"possibly":[75],"NP-hard.":[76],"propose":[78],"solve":[80],"this":[81],"challenging":[82,155],"by":[84],"model-free":[85],"deep":[86],"reinforcement":[87],"learning":[88],"(DRL)":[89],"methods.":[90],"Due":[91],"very":[94],"large":[95,116],"discrete":[96,117,128],"action":[97,118],"space":[98,119],"posed":[101],"optimization":[102,156],"problem,":[103],"DRL":[105,133,170],"approaches":[106],"can":[107,149],"not":[108],"be":[109,150],"directly":[110],"applied.":[111],"Thus,":[112],"approximate":[114],"with":[120,142],"either":[121],"continuous":[123],"set":[124],"or":[125],"smaller":[127],"set,":[129],"modify":[131],"methods":[134,171],"accordingly.":[135],"Our":[136],"novel":[137],"approximations":[138],"offer":[139],"framework":[141],"tolerable":[143],"complexity":[144],"satisfactory":[146],"performance":[147,166],"that":[148],"readily":[151],"applied":[152],"other":[154],"problems":[157],"wireless":[159],"communication.":[160],"Simulation":[161],"results":[162],"corroborate":[163],"superior":[165],"modified":[169],"over":[172],"conventional":[173],"approaches.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
