{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4214549396","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgcn.2022.3154923","title":"Magnetic Blind Beamforming for Battery-Free Wireless Sensor Networks","display_name":"Magnetic Blind Beamforming for Battery-Free Wireless Sensor Networks","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-02-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4214549396","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgcn.2022.3154923"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgcn.2022.3154923","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgcn.2022.3154923","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192662","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2473-2400","issn":["2473-2400"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002206904","display_name":"Albert Aninagyei Ofori","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0377-2949"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103087548","display_name":"Norfolk State University","ror":"https://ror.org/030pydv62","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103087548"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Albert Aninagyei Ofori","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Department, Norfolk State University, Norfolk, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Department, Norfolk State University, Norfolk, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103087548"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017474435","display_name":"Hongzhi Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6721-3316"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103087548","display_name":"Norfolk State University","ror":"https://ror.org/030pydv62","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103087548"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongzhi Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Department, Norfolk State University, Norfolk, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Department, Norfolk State University, Norfolk, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103087548"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002206904"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103087548"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.366,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.55222303,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"3","first_page":"1819","last_page":"1832"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11249","display_name":"Wireless Power Transfer Systems","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","score":0.7862454652786255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.7338232398033142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electromagnetic-coil","display_name":"Electromagnetic coil","score":0.6932864189147949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.6872689723968506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.6770504117012024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orientation","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","score":0.5904404520988464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.5756343603134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-harvesting","display_name":"Energy harvesting","score":0.52004075050354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.514284074306488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5018675327301025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.501309871673584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.4958384931087494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key-distribution-in-wireless-sensor-networks","display_name":"Key distribution in wireless sensor networks","score":0.4249922037124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.4127407371997833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-power-transfer","display_name":"Wireless power transfer","score":0.4105619490146637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3605114817619324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3251056969165802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.29951584339141846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.18878331780433655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.14077699184417725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.11895498633384705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.10769733786582947}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.7862454652786255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.7338232398033142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30403606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2981904","display_name":"Electromagnetic coil","level":2,"score":0.6932864189147949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.6872689723968506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.6770504117012024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16345878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107472979","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","level":2,"score":0.5904404520988464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.5756343603134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101518730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q930236","display_name":"Energy harvesting","level":3,"score":0.52004075050354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.514284074306488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5018675327301025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.501309871673584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4958384931087494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41971633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6398155","display_name":"Key distribution in wireless sensor networks","level":4,"score":0.4249922037124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4127407371997833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779423816","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6856398","display_name":"Wireless power transfer","level":3,"score":0.4105619490146637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3605114817619324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3251056969165802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.29951584339141846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.18878331780433655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.14077699184417725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11895498633384705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.10769733786582947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgcn.2022.3154923","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgcn.2022.3154923","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192662","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2473-2400","issn":["2473-2400"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.800000011920929,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5306123768","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"HRD1953460","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7566892703","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS1947748","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1520664314","https://openalex.org/W1982686915","https://openalex.org/W1996215314","https://openalex.org/W2048296018","https://openalex.org/W2107319425","https://openalex.org/W2113642685","https://openalex.org/W2117328838","https://openalex.org/W2128202699","https://openalex.org/W2157442459","https://openalex.org/W2161138734","https://openalex.org/W2162626446","https://openalex.org/W2178935672","https://openalex.org/W2544614780","https://openalex.org/W2591000783","https://openalex.org/W2605573244","https://openalex.org/W2806060811","https://openalex.org/W2810765050","https://openalex.org/W2869395566","https://openalex.org/W2884690740","https://openalex.org/W2907097834","https://openalex.org/W2910933689","https://openalex.org/W2912299859","https://openalex.org/W2921958312","https://openalex.org/W2954930846","https://openalex.org/W2963119302","https://openalex.org/W2963206876","https://openalex.org/W2987527351","https://openalex.org/W3000144756","https://openalex.org/W3002340625","https://openalex.org/W3125438769","https://openalex.org/W3137947268","https://openalex.org/W3151145032","https://openalex.org/W3156619271","https://openalex.org/W3165394428","https://openalex.org/W3185893743","https://openalex.org/W3196447431","https://openalex.org/W3197510271","https://openalex.org/W3198266680","https://openalex.org/W6794728348"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2355663289","https://openalex.org/W2106913410","https://openalex.org/W4380372336","https://openalex.org/W2354248671","https://openalex.org/W2359134391","https://openalex.org/W1927917065","https://openalex.org/W2757434689","https://openalex.org/W2975251679","https://openalex.org/W4386249029","https://openalex.org/W4200171434"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"It":[0,133],"is":[1,150],"challenging":[2],"to":[3,46,59,79,114],"maintain":[4],"a":[5,108],"large":[6],"number":[7],"of":[8,62,110,166,189],"wireless":[9,44,83,167,192],"sensors":[10,21,39,86,193],"in":[11,64],"inaccessible":[12],"media,":[13],"such":[14],"as":[15],"underground":[16],"and":[17,32,96,155,174],"intra-body.":[18],"Tiny":[19],"battery-free":[20,82,141],"are":[22],"desirable":[23],"since":[24],"they":[25,52,97],"create":[26],"negligible":[27],"impacts":[28],"on":[29],"the":[30,56,60,65,71,104,140,164,177,187],"environment":[31],"do":[33],"not":[34,99,135],"require":[35,136],"battery":[36],"replacement.":[37],"Battery-free":[38,85],"can":[40,120,127,161,180],"harvest":[41,181],"energy":[42,63,102],"from":[43,103],"signals":[45],"support":[47],"their":[48],"normal":[49],"operation.":[50],"However,":[51],"cannot":[53],"cooperate":[54],"with":[55,87,124,171,194],"charger":[57],"due":[58],"lack":[61],"initial":[66],"stages.":[67],"This":[68,184],"paper":[69],"proposes":[70],"Magnetic":[72],"Blind":[73],"Beamforming":[74],"(MagBB)":[75],"using":[76],"tri-axis":[77],"coils":[78,90,123,170],"power":[80],"up":[81],"sensors.":[84],"randomly":[88],"orientated":[89],"may":[91,98],"experience":[92],"significant":[93],"misalignment":[94],"losses":[95],"receive":[100,128],"any":[101,137],"charger.":[105],"MagBB":[106,160],"uses":[107],"set":[109],"optimized":[111],"current":[112],"vectors":[113],"generate":[115],"rotating":[116],"magnetic":[117],"fields":[118],"which":[119],"ensure":[121],"that":[122,159],"arbitrary":[125,172],"orientations":[126],"sufficient":[129,182],"voltages":[130],"for":[131],"charging.":[132,168],"does":[134],"information":[138],"about":[139],"sensor\u2019s":[142],"coil":[143],"orientation":[144,173],"or":[145],"location.":[146],"A":[147],"proof-of-concept":[148],"prototype":[149],"developed.":[151],"The":[152],"numerical":[153],"simulations":[154],"experimental":[156],"results":[157],"show":[158],"efficiently":[162],"improve":[163],"reliability":[165],"Sensor":[169],"location":[175],"within":[176],"operation":[178],"range":[179],"energy.":[183],"technology":[185],"has":[186],"potential":[188],"powering":[190],"ultra-dense":[191],"low":[195],"communication":[196],"overhead.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}