{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3208702371","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgcn.2021.3122545","title":"RtFog: A Real-Time FPGA-Based Fog Node With Remote Dynamically Reconfigurable Application Plane for Fog Analytics Redeployment","display_name":"RtFog: A Real-Time FPGA-Based Fog Node With Remote Dynamically Reconfigurable Application Plane for Fog Analytics Redeployment","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3208702371","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgcn.2021.3122545","mag":"3208702371"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgcn.2021.3122545","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgcn.2021.3122545","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192662","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2473-2400","issn":["2473-2400"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018850779","display_name":"Tze Hon Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0547-9914"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tze Hon Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018366020","display_name":"Chia Yee Ooi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2307-4048"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chia Yee Ooi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Malaysia\u2013Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Malaysia\u2013Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011389229","display_name":"Muhammad Nadzir Marsono","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7468-7461"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Nadzir Marsono","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018850779"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6113,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70566828,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"1","first_page":"341","last_page":"351"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.7779860496520996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analytics","display_name":"Analytics","score":0.6844786405563354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5967469215393066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.5379109978675842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vhdl","display_name":"VHDL","score":0.4617249369621277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forwarding-plane","display_name":"Forwarding plane","score":0.4540163278579712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.4279952347278595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.41622394323349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4152188301086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3741109371185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2473239004611969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.235620379447937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11858460307121277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09074622392654419}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.7779860496520996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79158427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485396","display_name":"Analytics","level":2,"score":0.6844786405563354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5967469215393066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5379109978675842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36941000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209455","display_name":"VHDL","level":3,"score":0.4617249369621277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10597312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5473302","display_name":"Forwarding plane","level":3,"score":0.4540163278579712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.4279952347278595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.41622394323349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4152188301086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3741109371185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2473239004611969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.235620379447937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11858460307121277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09074622392654419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgcn.2021.3122545","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgcn.2021.3122545","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192662","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2473-2400","issn":["2473-2400"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8299999833106995,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7744234351","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FRGS/1/2019/TK04/UTM/02/30","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321709","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321709","display_name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/05mcs2t73"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1588359890","https://openalex.org/W1918839972","https://openalex.org/W1921679904","https://openalex.org/W2017442383","https://openalex.org/W2028045612","https://openalex.org/W2045371716","https://openalex.org/W2053126730","https://openalex.org/W2107923746","https://openalex.org/W2130182604","https://openalex.org/W2191950414","https://openalex.org/W2245189809","https://openalex.org/W2256894031","https://openalex.org/W2266632848","https://openalex.org/W2282989799","https://openalex.org/W2295019192","https://openalex.org/W2472119793","https://openalex.org/W2511933885","https://openalex.org/W2530589556","https://openalex.org/W2574634956","https://openalex.org/W2578512541","https://openalex.org/W2586268652","https://openalex.org/W2615206925","https://openalex.org/W2618386154","https://openalex.org/W2620661538","https://openalex.org/W2724526332","https://openalex.org/W2738341210","https://openalex.org/W2751152549","https://openalex.org/W2752450941","https://openalex.org/W2765776605","https://openalex.org/W2771678286","https://openalex.org/W2781561856","https://openalex.org/W2782922042","https://openalex.org/W2787803743","https://openalex.org/W2793735010","https://openalex.org/W2805617298","https://openalex.org/W2805907803","https://openalex.org/W2905697694","https://openalex.org/W2907554505","https://openalex.org/W2910014621","https://openalex.org/W2914306410","https://openalex.org/W2955338161","https://openalex.org/W2963616141","https://openalex.org/W2964248614","https://openalex.org/W2965571038","https://openalex.org/W2966841869","https://openalex.org/W2968071012","https://openalex.org/W2977812705","https://openalex.org/W2981788628","https://openalex.org/W2982590284","https://openalex.org/W3004207920","https://openalex.org/W3004246420","https://openalex.org/W3005703985","https://openalex.org/W3045949155","https://openalex.org/W3094653930","https://openalex.org/W3099531968","https://openalex.org/W3107900871","https://openalex.org/W3125289061","https://openalex.org/W4229542307","https://openalex.org/W4231478640","https://openalex.org/W4247351702","https://openalex.org/W4289083414","https://openalex.org/W4289236838","https://openalex.org/W4295278100","https://openalex.org/W6720330311","https://openalex.org/W6725085641","https://openalex.org/W6750122613","https://openalex.org/W6756899548"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2016389538","https://openalex.org/W2587151145","https://openalex.org/W2390807153","https://openalex.org/W3009083538","https://openalex.org/W2139601080","https://openalex.org/W2050258510","https://openalex.org/W2159466142","https://openalex.org/W2367164947","https://openalex.org/W2157026276","https://openalex.org/W2142848556"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,14,70],"real-time":[4,152,212],"FPGA":[5,56,95,120],"(field-programmable":[6],"gate":[7],"array)":[8],"based":[9],"fog":[10,23,31,49,189,209],"node":[11,24,50,190],"architecture":[12,51],"with":[13,69,99],"remote":[15],"dynamically":[16],"reconfigurable":[17],"application":[18,41],"plane.":[19],"The":[20,47,87,154],"proposed":[21,48,187],"FPGA-based":[22,156,188],"exhibits":[25,191],"high":[26,192,198],"architectural":[27],"flexibility":[28],"to":[29,40],"enable":[30],"analytics":[32,76,148,164,205],"dynamic":[33],"redeployment,":[34],"which":[35],"is":[36,52,78,124,137],"critical":[37],"for":[38,106,115,181,207],"adapting":[39],"dynamicity":[42],"and":[43,61,90,112,145,159,178,197,203,211],"prolonging":[44],"product":[45],"lifespan.":[46],"implemented":[53,155],"in":[54,64,81,94,119,200],"an":[55],"without":[57],"GPP":[58],"(general-purpose":[59],"processor)":[60],"tested":[62],"experimentally":[63],"the":[65,100,110,116,166,186],"NetFPGA":[66],"development":[67],"board":[68],"case":[71],"study":[72],"on":[73],"anomaly":[74,162],"detection":[75,163],"that":[77],"commonly":[79],"used":[80],"IoT":[82,213],"(Internet-of-Things)":[83],"time-series":[84],"monitoring":[85],"applications.":[86,214],"Windowed":[88,135,157],"Gaussian":[89,136,158],"KNN":[91,117,160],"CAD":[92,118,161],"implementations":[93],"have":[96],"been":[97],"benchmarked":[98],"NAB":[101],"(Numenta":[102],"Anomaly":[103],"Benchmark)":[104],"environment":[105],"performance":[107],"assessment.":[108],"Significantly,":[109],"latency":[111],"throughput":[113,199],"improvement":[114],"implementation":[121],"over":[122],"software":[123],"approximately":[125],"<inline-formula":[126,138,171],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[127,139,172],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[128,140,173],"<tex-math":[129,141,174],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$61\\times":[130],"$":[131,143],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[132,144,177],",":[133],"while":[134],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$42\\times":[142],"thus,":[146],"both":[147],"attained":[149],"<1":[150],"ms":[151],"responsiveness.":[153],"has":[165],"respective":[167],"energy":[168,193],"efficiency":[169],"of":[170],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$0.06~\\mu":[175],"\\text{J}$":[176],"0.12":[179],"mJ":[180],"each":[182],"detection.":[183],"In":[184],"short,":[185],"efficiency,":[194],"low":[195],"latency,":[196],"network":[201],"packet":[202],"data":[204],"processing":[206],"greener":[208],"networks":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
