{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3183234943","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgcn.2021.3099523","title":"Energy-Efficient UAV Assisted Secure Relay Transmission via Cooperative Computation Offloading","display_name":"Energy-Efficient UAV Assisted Secure Relay Transmission via Cooperative Computation Offloading","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3183234943","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgcn.2021.3099523","mag":"3183234943"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgcn.2021.3099523","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgcn.2021.3099523","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192662","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2473-2400","issn":["2473-2400"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026174128","display_name":"Tianshun Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7148-7472"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204512498","display_name":"University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6469544","display_name":"City University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/04gpd4q15","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6469544"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tianshun Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Science, State Key Laboratory of Internet of Things for Smart City, University of Macau, Macau, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7148-7472","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Science, State Key Laboratory of Internet of Things for Smart City, University of Macau, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6469544","https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018984822","display_name":"Yang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9497-3051"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204512498","display_name":"University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6469544","display_name":"City University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/04gpd4q15","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6469544"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Science, State Key Laboratory of Internet of Things for Smart City, University of Macau, Macau, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Science, State Key Laboratory of Internet of Things for Smart City, University of Macau, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6469544","https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082844557","display_name":"Yuan Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6661-9461"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204512498","display_name":"University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165204","display_name":"Zhuhai Institute of Advanced Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05r1mzq61","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210145761","https://openalex.org/I4210165204"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6469544","display_name":"City University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/04gpd4q15","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6469544"]}],"countries":["CN","MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Science, State Key Laboratory of Internet of Things for Smart City, University of Macau, Macau, China","Zhuhai-UM Science and Technology Research Institute, Zhuhai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6661-9461","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Science, State Key Laboratory of Internet of Things for Smart City, University of Macau, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6469544","https://openalex.org/I204512498"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhuhai-UM Science and Technology Research Institute, Zhuhai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165204"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026174128"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204512498","https://openalex.org/I6469544"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":44.8886,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":47,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99675509,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"4","first_page":"1669","last_page":"1683"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relay","display_name":"Relay","score":0.767162561416626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6806703209877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5749450922012329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation-offloading","display_name":"Computation offloading","score":0.5350144505500793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.5022790431976318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.5006053447723389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secure-transmission","display_name":"Secure transmission","score":0.4774656593799591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.42388835549354553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.4164431691169739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.33070820569992065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.1992737352848053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.17773115634918213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.13440567255020142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1322268843650818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.09998059272766113}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778156585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174053","display_name":"Relay","level":3,"score":0.767162561416626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6806703209877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5749450922012329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781041963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18348618","display_name":"Computation offloading","level":4,"score":0.5350144505500793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.5022790431976318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.5006053447723389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779814227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7444882","display_name":"Secure transmission","level":3,"score":0.4774656593799591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.42388835549354553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.4164431691169739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.33070820569992065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.1992737352848053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.17773115634918213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.13440567255020142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1322268843650818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.09998059272766113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgcn.2021.3099523","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgcn.2021.3099523","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192662","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2473-2400","issn":["2473-2400"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9100000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4305473922","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62072490","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1970334960","https://openalex.org/W2066409766","https://openalex.org/W2097294853","https://openalex.org/W2098346479","https://openalex.org/W2132083787","https://openalex.org/W2186982976","https://openalex.org/W2277419020","https://openalex.org/W2551361453","https://openalex.org/W2603810864","https://openalex.org/W2624989916","https://openalex.org/W2751904527","https://openalex.org/W2766889259","https://openalex.org/W2767105570","https://openalex.org/W2769456309","https://openalex.org/W2777180355","https://openalex.org/W2792730202","https://openalex.org/W2883649305","https://openalex.org/W2885371450","https://openalex.org/W2887592610","https://openalex.org/W2907503598","https://openalex.org/W2909432978","https://openalex.org/W2921466771","https://openalex.org/W2924948991","https://openalex.org/W2941351277","https://openalex.org/W2944519100","https://openalex.org/W2945328213","https://openalex.org/W2956998469","https://openalex.org/W2962691117","https://openalex.org/W2963350122","https://openalex.org/W2963857659","https://openalex.org/W2964052915","https://openalex.org/W2964054168","https://openalex.org/W2964345771","https://openalex.org/W2966101703","https://openalex.org/W2968992934","https://openalex.org/W2975103278","https://openalex.org/W2975807524","https://openalex.org/W2981262799","https://openalex.org/W2988769181","https://openalex.org/W3004787089","https://openalex.org/W3011448248","https://openalex.org/W3011869236","https://openalex.org/W3019060914","https://openalex.org/W3034606981","https://openalex.org/W3034730089","https://openalex.org/W3034825911","https://openalex.org/W3037951940","https://openalex.org/W3046943120","https://openalex.org/W3088211916","https://openalex.org/W3105649577","https://openalex.org/W3112468834","https://openalex.org/W3167138236","https://openalex.org/W4239146293","https://openalex.org/W6758090675"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2539674285","https://openalex.org/W1998322187","https://openalex.org/W1038122923","https://openalex.org/W2952514781","https://openalex.org/W3019210376","https://openalex.org/W2391145594","https://openalex.org/W3108946947","https://openalex.org/W2337102067","https://openalex.org/W4302338237","https://openalex.org/W4386736648"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0,270],"the":[1,8,16,33,43,46,50,55,84,106,112,116,120,129,135,143,150,154,158,172,178,193,202,207,218,229,237,241,246,252,255,267,271,279,286,296,309,319,340,351,358,365],"continuous":[2],"development":[3],"of":[4,11,40,96,99,108,122,217,239,245,254,333,360,368],"B5G/6G":[5],"cellular":[6,85,113,151],"networks,":[7],"explosive":[9],"growth":[10],"mobile":[12],"Internet":[13],"services":[14],"and":[15,119,153,223,233,248,274,335,364],"resulting":[17],"tremendous":[18],"traffic":[19,35],"demand":[20],"have":[21],"led":[22],"to":[23,30,49,83,111,149,197,201],"a":[24,64,80,94,97,124,139,167,214,291,302,346],"significantly":[25],"heavy":[26],"pressure":[27],"on":[28],"how":[29],"efficiently":[31],"satisfy":[32],"users\u2019":[34],"demands":[36],"with":[37,101,236],"guaranteed":[38],"quality":[39],"services,":[41],"especially":[42],"coverage":[44],"at":[45],"cell-edge.":[47],"Thanks":[48],"advantage":[51,367],"in":[52,189,331],"flexible":[53],"deployment,":[54],"unmanned":[56],"aerial":[57],"vehicle":[58],"(UAV)":[59],"has":[60],"been":[61],"considered":[62],"as":[63,138,226,228,290],"promising":[65],"approach":[66],"for":[67,72,145,156,265,307,322,349],"providing":[68],"efficient":[69,263],"data":[70,110,148],"access":[71],"cell-edge":[73],"users":[74],"(CEUs),":[75],"which":[76,170,190],"usually":[77],"suffer":[78],"from":[79],"poor":[81],"connection":[82],"base":[86],"stations":[87],"(BSs).":[88],"In":[89,314],"this":[90],"paper,":[91],"we":[92,132,176,191,212,260,293,343],"consider":[93,133],"scenario":[95],"group":[98],"CEUs":[100],"each":[102],"CEU":[103],"having":[104],"both":[105],"task":[107,121],"delivering":[109],"BS":[114],"(i.e.,":[115,128],"data-transmission":[117],"task)":[118],"completing":[123],"given":[125,287],"computation":[126,161,187,234,379],"workload":[127],"computation-task).":[130],"Meanwhile,":[131],"that":[134,166],"UAV":[136,181,373],"serves":[137],"dual-role":[140],"(DUAV),":[141],"i.e.,":[142],"relay":[144,174,183,209,375],"forwarding":[146],"CEUs\u2019":[147,159,194,230],"BS,":[152],"edge-server":[155],"processing":[157],"offloaded":[160],"workloads.":[162],"Taking":[163],"into":[164],"account":[165],"malicious":[168,203],"node":[169,204],"overhears":[171,206],"DUAV\u2019s":[173,208,219,297,310],"transmission,":[175],"investigate":[177],"secrecy":[179,371],"driven":[180,372],"assisted":[182,374],"transmission":[184,196,231,275,376],"via":[185,377],"cooperative":[186,199,378],"offloading,":[188,235],"exploit":[192],"computation-offloading":[195],"provide":[198],"jamming":[200],"who":[205],"transmission.":[210],"Specifically,":[211],"formulate":[213],"joint":[215,257,352],"optimization":[216,258,353],"hovering":[220,288,298,312],"position,":[221],"transmit-power":[222],"computation-rate":[224],"allocation":[225],"well":[227],"duration":[232],"objective":[238],"minimizing":[240],"total":[242],"energy":[243],"consumption":[244],"DUAV":[247],"all":[249],"CEUs.":[250],"Despite":[251],"non-convexity":[253],"formulated":[256],"problem,":[259],"propose":[261,345],"an":[262],"algorithm":[264,283,305,348],"finding":[266,308],"optimal":[268,272,311],"solution.":[269],"offloading":[273],"solutions":[276],"provided":[277],"by":[278,300,316],"polyblock":[280],"approximation":[281],"based":[282],"(PA-Algorithm)":[284],"under":[285],"point":[289],"subroutine,":[292],"further":[294,338],"optimize":[295],"position":[299],"proposing":[301],"precoding-based":[303],"Cross-Entropy":[304],"(PBCE-Algorithm)":[306],"position.":[313],"particular,":[315],"properly":[317],"precoding":[318],"feasible":[320],"region":[321],"hovering,":[323],"our":[324,361,369],"PBCE-Algorithm":[325],"can":[326],"outperform":[327],"some":[328],"existing":[329],"algorithms":[330,363],"terms":[332],"accuracy":[334],"efficiency.":[336],"To":[337],"reduce":[339],"computational":[341],"complexity,":[342],"also":[344],"low-complexity":[347],"solving":[350],"problem.":[354],"Numerical":[355],"results":[356],"demonstrate":[357],"efficiency":[359],"proposed":[362,370],"performance":[366],"offloading.":[380]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
