{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3154108917","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgcn.2021.3073714","title":"Intrusion Detection in Green Internet of Things: A Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient-Based Algorithm","display_name":"Intrusion Detection in Green Internet of Things: A Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient-Based Algorithm","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3154108917","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgcn.2021.3073714","mag":"3154108917"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgcn.2021.3073714","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgcn.2021.3073714","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192662","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2473-2400","issn":["2473-2400"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089177690","display_name":"Laisen Nie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8813-7738"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laisen Nie","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, China","School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8813-7738","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102975117","display_name":"Wentao Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2956-585X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wentao Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, China","School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010150000","display_name":"Shupeng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2799-4100"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shupeng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034529593","display_name":"Zhaolong Ning","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7870-5524"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10535382","display_name":"Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/03dgaqz26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhaolong Ning","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Communication and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7870-5524","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communication and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076776322","display_name":"Joel J. P. C. Rodrigues","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8657-3800"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3121799822","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Piau\u00ed","ror":"https://ror.org/00kwnx126","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3121799822"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120471","display_name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","ror":"https://ror.org/02ht4fk33","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}],"countries":["BR","PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joel J. P. C. Rodrigues","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate Program in Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Piau\u00ed, Teresina, Brazil","Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8657-3800","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Program in Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Piau\u00ed, Teresina, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3121799822"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Covilh\u00e3, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051518571","display_name":"Yixuan Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9317-8769"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yixuan Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, China","School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9317-8769","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034929846","display_name":"Shengtao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1014-8004"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28006308","display_name":"Shandong Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wy3h363","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28006308"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shengtao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28006308"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.3385,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":50,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9569859,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"2","first_page":"778","last_page":"788"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/denial-of-service-attack","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","score":0.8653558492660522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.8363392949104309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8216880559921265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6299962401390076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.6054063439369202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.5967875123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-security","display_name":"Network security","score":0.4609847962856293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.42072394490242004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.09934532642364502}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38822068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","level":3,"score":0.8653558492660522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.8363392949104309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8216880559921265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6299962401390076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.6054063439369202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.5967875123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182590292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989632","display_name":"Network security","level":2,"score":0.4609847962856293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.42072394490242004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.09934532642364502}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgcn.2021.3073714","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgcn.2021.3073714","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192662","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2473-2400","issn":["2473-2400"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.6000000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1845115381","display_name":"\u9762\u54115G\u8f66\u8054\u7f51\u7684\u8fb9\u7f18\u7f51\u7edc\u8d44\u6e90\u7ba1\u7406\u5173\u952e\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61971084","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2014849919","display_name":"\u9762\u5411\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5b9a\u4e49\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u6d41\u91cf\u6d4b\u91cf\u673a\u5236\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61701406","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2381044194","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"cstc2019jcyjmsxmX0208","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323172","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3031697247","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CX2020153","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321392","funder_display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8300213929","display_name":"\u8f66\u8054\u7f51\u5b89\u5168\u667a\u80fd\u76d1\u6d4b\u4e0e\u7ba1\u7406\u7406\u8bba\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61931019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321392","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323172","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2128580034","https://openalex.org/W2170852315","https://openalex.org/W2173248099","https://openalex.org/W2178155017","https://openalex.org/W2278053035","https://openalex.org/W2784241349","https://openalex.org/W2805430140","https://openalex.org/W2805681858","https://openalex.org/W2891791991","https://openalex.org/W2919333918","https://openalex.org/W2934185291","https://openalex.org/W2955014922","https://openalex.org/W2959716986","https://openalex.org/W2962725067","https://openalex.org/W2963864421","https://openalex.org/W2973142416","https://openalex.org/W2979963465","https://openalex.org/W2982682021","https://openalex.org/W2997901910","https://openalex.org/W3002711162","https://openalex.org/W3004421451","https://openalex.org/W3006144347","https://openalex.org/W3006762012","https://openalex.org/W3020434223","https://openalex.org/W3038077692","https://openalex.org/W3088881913","https://openalex.org/W3089088190","https://openalex.org/W3094019951","https://openalex.org/W3103493968","https://openalex.org/W3116067625","https://openalex.org/W3157891444","https://openalex.org/W6684921986","https://openalex.org/W6794949711"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2061466315","https://openalex.org/W2376886931","https://openalex.org/W2010561419","https://openalex.org/W2374845301","https://openalex.org/W2351448539","https://openalex.org/W1977863481","https://openalex.org/W2384741105","https://openalex.org/W3157271777","https://openalex.org/W2377372927","https://openalex.org/W1495178644"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Internet":[0],"of":[1,8,39,114,121,144,151],"Things":[2],"(IoT)":[3],"is":[4],"an":[5,101],"expanded":[6],"application":[7],"Internet,":[9],"which":[10,59,110],"are":[11],"used":[12],"to":[13,20,52,91,135],"provide":[14,30],"various":[15,34,50,74],"services":[16],"for":[17,33,56,125],"users.":[18],"Up":[19],"now,":[21],"IoTs":[22],"have":[23],"received":[24],"more":[25],"attention,":[26],"because":[27],"it":[28],"can":[29,72,86],"ubiquitous":[31],"connectivity":[32],"devices.":[35],"With":[36],"the":[37,57,61,80,93,112,142],"development":[38],"IoTs,":[40],"its":[41],"security":[42,67],"has":[43],"become":[44],"a":[45,66],"main":[46],"issue.":[47],"Attackers":[48],"use":[49,132],"techniques":[51,71],"implement":[53,87],"cyber":[54],"attacks":[55,153],"IoT,":[58],"threats":[60],"users'":[62],"privacy":[63],"seriously.":[64],"As":[65],"mechanism,":[68],"intrusion":[69,83,102,137],"detection":[70,84,103],"detect":[73],"illicit":[75],"behaviors":[76],"before":[77],"attackers":[78],"invade":[79],"network.":[81],"An":[82],"system":[85],"effective":[88],"defense":[89],"functions":[90],"keep":[92],"network":[94,123],"away":[95],"from":[96],"attacks.":[97],"This":[98],"paper":[99],"proposes":[100],"algorithm":[104,146],"based":[105],"on":[106],"deep":[107],"reinforcement":[108],"learning,":[109],"pursued":[111],"trends":[113],"traffic":[115,124,126,133],"flows":[116],"by":[117],"extracting":[118],"statistical":[119],"features":[120],"prior":[122],"prediction":[127],"at":[128],"first.":[129],"Then,":[130],"we":[131],"predictors":[134],"employ":[136],"detection.":[138],"The":[139],"evaluations":[140],"verify":[141],"effectiveness":[143],"our":[145],"in":[147],"detecting":[148],"Distributed":[149],"Denial":[150],"Service":[152],"(DDoS).":[154]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-27T08:26:11.824852","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}