{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3102491413","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgcn.2020.3038692","title":"A Physical Layer for Low Power Optical Wireless Communications","display_name":"A Physical Layer for Low Power Optical Wireless Communications","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-11-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3102491413","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgcn.2020.3038692","mag":"3102491413"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgcn.2020.3038692","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgcn.2020.3038692","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/7511293/9381003/09261607.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192662","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2473-2400","issn":["2473-2400"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/7511293/9381003/09261607.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075821999","display_name":"Malte Hinrichs","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1797-2861"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800274787","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications, Heinrich Hertz Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02tbr6331","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800274787","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Malte Hinrichs","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute, Berlin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1797-2861","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute, Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800274787"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039470381","display_name":"Pablo Wilke Berenguer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8624-576X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800274787","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications, Heinrich Hertz Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02tbr6331","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800274787","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164937","display_name":"Microsoft Research (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/05k87vq12","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}],"countries":["DE","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pablo Wilke Berenguer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute, Berlin, Germany","Microsoft Research Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8624-576X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute, Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800274787"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113956702","display_name":"Jonas Hilt","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800274787","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications, Heinrich Hertz Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02tbr6331","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800274787","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonas Hilt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute, Berlin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute, Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800274787"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024568406","display_name":"Peter Hellwig","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800274787","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications, Heinrich Hertz Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02tbr6331","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800274787","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Hellwig","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute, Berlin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute, Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800274787"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066563048","display_name":"Dominic Schulz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5077-8222"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800274787","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications, Heinrich Hertz Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02tbr6331","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800274787","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dominic Schulz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute, Berlin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5077-8222","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute, Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800274787"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046753401","display_name":"A. Paraskevopoulos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9789-6277"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800274787","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications, Heinrich Hertz Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02tbr6331","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800274787","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anagnostis Paraskevopoulos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute, Berlin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute, Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800274787"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077469209","display_name":"Kai Lennert Bober","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2407-1837"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800274787","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications, Heinrich Hertz Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02tbr6331","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800274787","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Lennert Bober","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute, Berlin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute, Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800274787"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053776864","display_name":"Ronald Freund","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9427-3437"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800274787","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications, Heinrich Hertz Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02tbr6331","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800274787","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ronald Freund","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute, Berlin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute, Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800274787"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054929239","display_name":"Volker Jungnickel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3135-5213"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800274787","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications, Heinrich Hertz Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02tbr6331","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800274787","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Volker Jungnickel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute, Berlin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3135-5213","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute, Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800274787"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075821999"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800274787"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6646,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84449854,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"1","first_page":"4","last_page":"17"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10767","display_name":"Advanced Photonic Communication Systems","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-layer","display_name":"Physical layer","score":0.7694404125213623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.6330126523971558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.6310427188873291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/keying","display_name":"Keying","score":0.6087101101875305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.5556210279464722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5458016395568848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.5186004638671875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.3651692271232605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3645055890083313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2984215021133423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.19056349992752075}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19247436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"Physical layer","level":3,"score":0.7694404125213623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.6330126523971558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.6310427188873291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776542216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6398306","display_name":"Keying","level":2,"score":0.6087101101875305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.5556210279464722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5458016395568848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5186004638671875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3651692271232605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3645055890083313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2984215021133423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.19056349992752075}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgcn.2020.3038692","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgcn.2020.3038692","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/7511293/9381003/09261607.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192662","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2473-2400","issn":["2473-2400"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:fraunhofer.de:N-637067","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://publica.fraunhofer.de/documents/N-637067.html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400801","display_name":"Publikationsdatenbank der Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Fraunhofer HHI","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:null:publica/269128","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/269128","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400318","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgcn.2020.3038692","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgcn.2020.3038692","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/7511293/9381003/09261607.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192662","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2473-2400","issn":["2473-2400"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9100000262260437,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1248281163","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"825651","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1263695392","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"16KIS0639K","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2983564292","display_name":"Enhance Lighting for the Internet of Things","funder_award_id":"825651","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338475","funder_display_name":"H2020 LEIT Information and Communication Technologies"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/04pz7b180"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338475","display_name":"H2020 LEIT Information and Communication Technologies","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3102491413.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3102491413.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1556721971","https://openalex.org/W1586023533","https://openalex.org/W1966404575","https://openalex.org/W1984386576","https://openalex.org/W1992256855","https://openalex.org/W2056021806","https://openalex.org/W2093355158","https://openalex.org/W2098442568","https://openalex.org/W2099376917","https://openalex.org/W2104856264","https://openalex.org/W2105935781","https://openalex.org/W2110774823","https://openalex.org/W2124496513","https://openalex.org/W2148575324","https://openalex.org/W2150783243","https://openalex.org/W2163982637","https://openalex.org/W2164153974","https://openalex.org/W2168990175","https://openalex.org/W2170466379","https://openalex.org/W2273319291","https://openalex.org/W2512129029","https://openalex.org/W2521910479","https://openalex.org/W2528445951","https://openalex.org/W2769271734","https://openalex.org/W2912641352","https://openalex.org/W2958776257","https://openalex.org/W2964608629","https://openalex.org/W3100525167","https://openalex.org/W6725579574"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2355663289","https://openalex.org/W2106913410","https://openalex.org/W4380372336","https://openalex.org/W2354248671","https://openalex.org/W2359134391","https://openalex.org/W2594116857","https://openalex.org/W2947628004","https://openalex.org/W2935229758","https://openalex.org/W2352791832","https://openalex.org/W2387913039"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Energy":[0],"consumption":[1],"is":[2],"one":[3],"of":[4,44,57,68,76,122],"the":[5,66,104],"critical":[6],"issues":[7],"in":[8,22,60,94,118],"optical":[9,114],"wireless":[10,115],"communications":[11,116],"transmitter":[12,51],"design":[13],"and":[14,20,91],"a":[15,33,61,110,119],"limiting":[16],"factor":[17],"to":[18,27,113],"miniaturization":[19],"deployment":[21],"mobile":[23],"devices.":[24],"In":[25],"order":[26,75],"reduce":[28],"energy":[29,71],"requirements,":[30],"we":[31,101],"assess":[32],"physical":[34,83],"layer":[35,84],"based":[36],"on":[37],"high-bandwidth":[38],"on-off":[39,45],"keying":[40,46],"modulation.":[41],"The":[42],"use":[43,123],"allows":[47],"for":[48],"highly":[49],"efficient":[50],"frontend":[52,89],"designs":[53],"that":[54,81,103],"avoid":[55],"operation":[56],"amplifier":[58],"stages":[59],"resistive":[62],"mode,":[63],"which":[64],"has":[65],"potential":[67],"reducing":[69],"their":[70],"usage":[72],"by":[73],"an":[74],"magnitude.":[77],"Link-level":[78],"simulations":[79],"show":[80],"this":[82],"can":[85,92,108],"deal":[86],"with":[87],"typical":[88],"limitations":[90],"operate":[93],"challenging":[95],"non-line-of-sight":[96],"channels.":[97],"For":[98],"these":[99],"reasons,":[100],"believe":[102],"solution":[105],"evaluated":[106],"here":[107],"deliver":[109],"significant":[111],"contribution":[112],"technology":[117],"wide":[120],"range":[121],"cases.":[124]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-05-23T08:51:43.019350","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
