{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417051874","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tg.2025.3640698","title":"Uncovering the Viral Nature of Toxicity in Competitive Online Video Games","display_name":"Uncovering the Viral Nature of Toxicity in Competitive Online Video Games","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417051874","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tg.2025.3640698"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tg.2025.3640698","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tg.2025.3640698","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210224842","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Games","issn_l":"2475-1502","issn":["2475-1502","2475-1510"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Games","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014830825","display_name":"Jacob Morrier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1815-7431"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122411786","display_name":"California Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dxps055","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jacob Morrier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA","Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Mail Code 228-77, Pasadena, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Mail Code 228-77, Pasadena, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104621296","display_name":"Amine Mahmassani","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118931453","display_name":"Santa Monica College","ror":"https://ror.org/01cntdd82","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118931453"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122411786","display_name":"California Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dxps055","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amine Mahmassani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Activision, Santa Monica, CA, USA","Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Mail Code 228-77, Pasadena, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Activision, Santa Monica, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118931453"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Mail Code 228-77, Pasadena, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091187284","display_name":"R. Michael Alvarez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8113-4451"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122411786","display_name":"California Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dxps055","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Michael Alvarez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA","Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Mail Code 228-77, Pasadena, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Mail Code 228-77, Pasadena, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014830825"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.48316914,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"1","first_page":"217","last_page":"222"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11197","display_name":"Digital Games and Media","score":0.7437999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11197","display_name":"Digital Games and Media","score":0.7437999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.07880000025033951,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10742","display_name":"Peer-to-Peer Network Technologies","score":0.03610000014305115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.7038999795913696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/harm","display_name":"Harm","score":0.6805999875068665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/action","display_name":"Action (physics)","score":0.5605999827384949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/video-game","display_name":"Video game","score":0.4729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/toxicity","display_name":"Toxicity","score":0.39469999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-video","display_name":"Online video","score":0.3508000075817108}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.7038999795913696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777363581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15098235","display_name":"Harm","level":2,"score":0.6805999875068665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5605999827384949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48730000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018412434","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7889","display_name":"Video game","level":2,"score":0.4729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.4611000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29730261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274160","display_name":"Toxicity","level":2,"score":0.39469999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988167200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16885149","display_name":"Online video","level":2,"score":0.3508000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.34360000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112758219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16038819","display_name":"Duration (music)","level":2,"score":0.3325999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177142836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44455","display_name":"Game theory","level":2,"score":0.2630999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988634675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34508","display_name":"Video recording","level":2,"score":0.26179999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.25360000133514404}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tg.2025.3640698","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tg.2025.3640698","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210224842","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Games","issn_l":"2475-1502","issn":["2475-1502","2475-1510"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Games","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1570171124","https://openalex.org/W1592051488","https://openalex.org/W1789624439","https://openalex.org/W1973418951","https://openalex.org/W1974740257","https://openalex.org/W2043316506","https://openalex.org/W2066443810","https://openalex.org/W2074435585","https://openalex.org/W2076656661","https://openalex.org/W2078178105","https://openalex.org/W2096334794","https://openalex.org/W2107295826","https://openalex.org/W2114295585","https://openalex.org/W2122706345","https://openalex.org/W2130529515","https://openalex.org/W2137439590","https://openalex.org/W2408438569","https://openalex.org/W2511359526","https://openalex.org/W2582708329","https://openalex.org/W2749923235","https://openalex.org/W2898518202","https://openalex.org/W2915797213","https://openalex.org/W3011615502","https://openalex.org/W3028206683","https://openalex.org/W3122590067","https://openalex.org/W3163747597","https://openalex.org/W3163823280","https://openalex.org/W4210587744","https://openalex.org/W4283774467","https://openalex.org/W4285090456","https://openalex.org/W4387344575"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Toxicity":[0],"is":[1,18],"a":[2,19,32,46,104],"widespread":[3],"phenomenon":[4],"in":[5,108,116,130,144],"competitive":[6,145],"online":[7,146],"video":[8,147],"games.":[9,148],"In":[10,36],"addition":[11],"to":[12,25,43,54,121],"its":[13],"direct":[14],"undesirable":[15],"effects,":[16],"there":[17],"concern":[20],"that":[21,85,98],"toxicity":[22],"can":[23],"spread":[24],"others,":[26],"amplifying":[27],"the":[28,65,87,124,136],"harm":[29],"caused":[30],"by":[31,119],"single":[33],"player's":[34,47,105,126],"misbehavior.":[35],"this":[37,58],"study,":[38],"we":[39,60],"estimate":[40],"whether":[41],"and":[42,78],"what":[44],"extent":[45],"toxic":[48,109,131,142],"speech":[49,110],"spreads,":[50],"causing":[51],"their":[52,112],"teammates":[53,106],"behave":[55],"similarly.":[56],"To":[57],"end,":[59],"analyze":[61],"proprietary":[62],"data":[63],"from":[64],"free-to-play":[66],"first-person":[67],"action":[68],"game":[69],"<italic":[70],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[71],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">Call":[72],"of":[73,89,103,114,128,139],"Duty\u00ae:":[74],"Warzone\u2122</i>.":[75],"We":[76],"formulate":[77],"implement":[79],"an":[80],"instrumental":[81],"variable":[82],"identification":[83],"strategy":[84],"leverages":[86],"network":[88],"interactions":[90],"among":[91],"players":[92],"across":[93],"matches.":[94],"Our":[95],"analysis":[96],"reveals":[97],"all":[99,102],"else":[100],"equal,":[101],"engaging":[107,115,129],"increases":[111],"probability":[113],"similar":[117],"behavior":[118],"26.1":[120],"30.3":[122],"times":[123],"average":[125],"likelihood":[127],"speech.":[132],"These":[133],"findings":[134],"confirm":[135],"viral":[137],"nature":[138],"toxicity,":[140],"especially":[141],"speech,":[143]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T20:47:17.329874","created_date":"2025-12-05T00:00:00"}