{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412444893","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tg.2025.3589439","title":"A Modular Framework for Automated Evaluation of Procedural Content Generation in Serious Games With Deep Reinforcement Learning Agents","display_name":"A Modular Framework for Automated Evaluation of Procedural Content Generation in Serious Games With Deep Reinforcement Learning Agents","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412444893","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tg.2025.3589439"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tg.2025.3589439","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tg.2025.3589439","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210224842","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Games","issn_l":"2475-1502","issn":["2475-1502","2475-1510"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Games","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.16801","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089104727","display_name":"Eleftherios Kalafatis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8310-634X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174458059","display_name":"National Technical University of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/03cx6bg69","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174458059"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Eleftherios Kalafatis","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece","School of Electrical & Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174458059"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical & Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174458059"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026379700","display_name":"Konstantinos Mitsis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4629-2163"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174458059","display_name":"National Technical University of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/03cx6bg69","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174458059"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Konstantinos Mitsis","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece","School of Electrical & Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174458059"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical & Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174458059"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064788420","display_name":"Konstantia Zarkogianni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3886-1618"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34352273","display_name":"Maastricht University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jz4aj89","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Konstantia Zarkogianni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Advanced Computing Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Maastricht, MD, The Netherlands","Department of Advanced Computing Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Maastricht, MD, Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Advanced Computing Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Maastricht, MD, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Advanced Computing Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Maastricht, MD, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016849904","display_name":"\u039c\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u0391\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03bf\u03c5","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1575-9100"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174458059","display_name":"National Technical University of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/03cx6bg69","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174458059"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Athanasiou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece","School of Electrical & Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174458059"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical & Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174458059"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082313849","display_name":"Konstantina S. Nikita","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8255-4354"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174458059","display_name":"National Technical University of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/03cx6bg69","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174458059"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Konstantina Nikita","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece","School of Electrical & Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174458059"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical & Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174458059"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5089104727"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174458059"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4849,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90501907,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"4","first_page":"1003","last_page":"1012"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.9189000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.9189000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-design","display_name":"Modular design","score":0.8711448907852173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.8190149068832397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6585639715194702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement","display_name":"Reinforcement","score":0.5945496559143066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.44066905975341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3271380662918091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.16324210166931152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.11326786875724792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.060562849044799805}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.8711448907852173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.8190149068832397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6585639715194702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67203356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321905","display_name":"Reinforcement","level":2,"score":0.5945496559143066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.44066905975341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3271380662918091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.16324210166931152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.11326786875724792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.060562849044799805}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tg.2025.3589439","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tg.2025.3589439","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210224842","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Games","issn_l":"2475-1502","issn":["2475-1502","2475-1510"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Games","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl:publications/3d449c08-e7e1-483c-aadc-8f1d124360e6","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl/en/publications/3d449c08-e7e1-483c-aadc-8f1d124360e6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402616","display_name":"Research Publications (Maastricht University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I34352273","host_organization_name":"Maastricht University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Kalafatis, E, Mitsis, K, Zarkogianni, K, Athanasiou, M & Nikita, K 2025, 'A modular framework for automated evaluation of procedural content generation in serious games with deep reinforcement learning agents', IEEE Transactions on Games, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 1003-1012. https://doi.org/10.1109/TG.2025.3589439","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2505.16801","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2505.16801","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.16801","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2505.16801","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2505.16801","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.16801","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412444893.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412444893.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4310083477","https://openalex.org/W2328553770","https://openalex.org/W2920061524","https://openalex.org/W1977959518","https://openalex.org/W2038908348","https://openalex.org/W2107890255","https://openalex.org/W2106552856","https://openalex.org/W2145821588","https://openalex.org/W2086122291","https://openalex.org/W1987513656"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Serious":[0],"Games":[1],"(SGs)":[2],"are":[3,114],"nowadays":[4],"shifting":[5],"focus":[6],"to":[7,33,116,202,220],"include":[8],"procedural":[9],"content":[10,230],"generation":[11],"(PCG)":[12],"in":[13,58,154,205,231],"the":[14,28,35,70,118,126,134,137,172,216,225],"development":[15,29],"process":[16],"as":[17],"a":[18,31,50,73,108,175,187],"means":[19],"of":[20,30,37,55,86,120,136,156,161,174,227],"offering":[21],"personalized":[22],"and":[23,81,105,146,166,183,191],"enhanced":[24],"player":[25],"experience.":[26],"However,":[27],"framework":[32],"assess":[34],"impact":[36,119],"PCG":[38,56,87],"techniques":[39],"when":[40],"integrated":[41],"into":[42],"SGs":[43],"remains":[44],"particularly":[45],"challenging.":[46],"This":[47],"study":[48],"proposes":[49],"methodology":[51],"for":[52,88,224],"automated":[53],"evaluation":[54,226],"integration":[57],"SGs,":[59],"incorporating":[60,82],"deep":[61],"reinforcement":[62],"learning":[63],"(DRL)":[64],"game":[65,79,139],"testing":[66,140],"agents.":[67,129],"To":[68],"validate":[69],"proposed":[71,127,217],"framework,":[72],"previously":[74],"introduced":[75],"SG":[76,123],"featuring":[77],"card":[78],"mechanics":[80],"three":[83],"different":[84,121],"versions":[85,103,113],"non-player":[89],"character":[90],"(NPC)":[91],"creation,":[92],"has":[93],"been":[94],"deployed.":[95],"Version":[96,152,206],"1":[97,153,207],"features":[98],"random":[99],"NPC":[100],"creation":[101],"while":[102],"2":[104,145,182],"3":[106,147,184],"utilize":[107],"genetic":[109],"algorithm":[110],"approach.":[111],"These":[112],"used":[115],"test":[117,176],"dynamic":[122],"environments":[124],"on":[125,143,151],"framework's":[128,218],"The":[130],"obtained":[131],"results":[132,213],"highlight":[133],"superiority":[135],"DRL":[138],"agents":[141],"trained":[142,150],"Versions":[144,181],"over":[148],"those":[149,203],"terms":[155],"win":[157,189,199],"rate":[158,190],"(i.e.":[159],"number":[160],"wins":[162],"per":[163],"played":[164],"games)":[165],"training":[167],"time.":[168],"More":[169],"specifically,":[170],"within":[171],"execution":[173],"emulating":[177],"regular":[178],"gameplay,":[179],"both":[180],"peaked":[185,209],"at":[186,210],"97%":[188],"achieved":[192,204],"statistically":[193],"significant":[194],"higher":[195],"(p":[196],"=":[197],"0.009)":[198],"rates":[200],"compared":[201],"that":[208],"94%.":[211],"Overall":[212],"advocate":[214],"towards":[215],"capability":[219],"produce":[221],"meaningful":[222],"data":[223],"procedurally":[228],"generated":[229],"SGs.":[232]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}