{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401942437","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tg.2024.3450992","title":"STEP: A Framework for Automated Point Cost Estimation","display_name":"STEP: A Framework for Automated Point Cost Estimation","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401942437","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tg.2024.3450992"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tg.2024.3450992","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tg.2024.3450992","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210224842","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Games","issn_l":"2475-1502","issn":["2475-1502","2475-1510"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Games","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071877564","display_name":"George E.M. Long","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3509-2055"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","display_name":"Queen Mary University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/026zzn846","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George E.M. Long","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3509-2055","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058274276","display_name":"Diego P\u00e9rez-Li\u00e9bana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1958-0212"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","display_name":"Queen Mary University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/026zzn846","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Diego Perez-Liebana","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1958-0212","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033216620","display_name":"Spyridon Samothrakis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1902-9690"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110002522","display_name":"University of Essex","ror":"https://ror.org/02nkf1q06","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Spyridon Samothrakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1902-9690","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.18496803,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"4","first_page":"927","last_page":"936"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11159","display_name":"Manufacturing Process and Optimization","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11159","display_name":"Manufacturing Process and Optimization","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11583","display_name":"Advanced Measurement and Metrology Techniques","score":0.9872999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11006","display_name":"BIM and Construction Integration","score":0.9154999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5303232073783875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.49956631660461426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation","display_name":"Estimation","score":0.49653512239456177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cost-estimate","display_name":"Cost estimate","score":0.4431539475917816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2295255959033966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17137417197227478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.14402815699577332}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5303232073783875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.49956631660461426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.49653512239456177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93983250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q795053","display_name":"Cost estimate","level":2,"score":0.4431539475917816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2295255959033966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17137417197227478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.14402815699577332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tg.2024.3450992","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tg.2024.3450992","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210224842","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Games","issn_l":"2475-1502","issn":["2475-1502","2475-1510"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Games","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1625390266","https://openalex.org/W2058552503","https://openalex.org/W2126316555","https://openalex.org/W2157682485","https://openalex.org/W2513097289","https://openalex.org/W2603016118","https://openalex.org/W2729651202","https://openalex.org/W2963653425","https://openalex.org/W2964262220","https://openalex.org/W2969287672","https://openalex.org/W2976850245","https://openalex.org/W2997591727","https://openalex.org/W3083573859","https://openalex.org/W3084325161","https://openalex.org/W3201961312","https://openalex.org/W4205266426","https://openalex.org/W4281784970","https://openalex.org/W4285796263","https://openalex.org/W4287670290","https://openalex.org/W4308082338","https://openalex.org/W4389315244","https://openalex.org/W6766749119","https://openalex.org/W6796417174"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4206424612","https://openalex.org/W3196669561","https://openalex.org/W2110481160","https://openalex.org/W2375951064","https://openalex.org/W2782153775","https://openalex.org/W4390863616","https://openalex.org/W1531621365","https://openalex.org/W3196555713","https://openalex.org/W2994086224","https://openalex.org/W4200227359"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,87],"miniature":[1],"wargames,":[2],"such":[3],"as":[4,79],"<italic":[5,113,207],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[6,114,208],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">Warhammer":[7],"40k</i>,":[8],"players":[9,40],"control":[10],"asymmetrical":[11,110],"armies,":[12],"which":[13,174],"include":[14],"multiple":[15],"units":[16,71,81],"of":[17,96,139,154,172,182],"different":[18,130],"types":[19],"and":[20,39,142,170,178,192],"strengths.":[21],"These":[22],"games":[23],"often":[24],"use":[25],"point":[26,37,51,65,85,99,183,214],"costs":[27,52,66,100],"to":[28,117,132,149,195],"balance":[29],"the":[30,74,98,151,155],"armies.":[31],"Each":[32],"unit":[33],"is":[34],"assigned":[35],"a":[36,42,55,70,102,108,165,189],"cost,":[38],"have":[41,83],"budget":[43],"they":[44],"can":[45,53,76,82],"spend":[46],"on":[47],"units.":[48],"Calculating":[49],"accurate":[50],"be":[54],"tedious":[56],"manual":[57],"process,":[58],"with":[59],"iterative":[60],"playtests":[61],"required.":[62],"If":[63],"these":[64],"do":[67,205],"not":[68],"represent":[69,133],"true":[72],"power,":[73],"game":[75,156],"get":[77],"unbalanced":[78,152],"overpowered":[80],"low":[84],"costs.":[86,215],"our":[88,119,140,203],"previous":[89],"paper,":[90],"we":[91,163,200],"proposed":[92],"an":[93],"automated":[94],"way":[95],"estimating":[97,185],"using":[101,124,129],"linear":[103],"regression":[104],"approach.":[105],"We":[106,135],"used":[107],"turn-based":[109],"wargame":[111],"called":[112,167],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">Wizard":[115,209],"Wars</i>":[116,210],"test":[118,196],"methods.":[120],"Players":[121],"were":[122],"simulated":[123],"Monte":[125],"Carlo":[126],"tree":[127],"search,":[128],"heuristics":[131],"playstyles.":[134],"presented":[136],"six":[137],"variants":[138],"method,":[141],"show":[143],"that":[144],"one":[145],"method":[146],"was":[147],"able":[148],"reduce":[150],"nature":[153],"by":[157,187],"almost":[158],"half.":[159],"For":[160],"this":[161],"article,":[162],"introduce":[164],"framework":[166,194],"simple":[168],"testing":[169],"evaluation":[171],"points,":[173],"allows":[175],"for":[176],"further":[177],"more":[179],"granular":[180],"analysis":[181],"cost":[184],"methods,":[186],"providing":[188],"fast,":[190],"simple,":[191],"configurable":[193],"methods":[197,204],"with.":[198],"Finally,":[199],"compare":[201],"how":[202],"in":[206],"against":[211],"expertly":[212],"chosen":[213]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-12-21T01:58:51.020947","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}