{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386951968","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tg.2023.3317053","title":"Profiling and Identifying Smurfs or Boosters on <i>Dota 2</i> Using K-Means and IQR","display_name":"Profiling and Identifying Smurfs or Boosters on <i>Dota 2</i> Using K-Means and IQR","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386951968","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tg.2023.3317053"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tg.2023.3317053","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tg.2023.3317053","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210224842","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Games","issn_l":"2475-1502","issn":["2475-1502","2475-1510"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Games","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104172488","display_name":"Ying-Jih Ding","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I931681460","display_name":"Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman","ror":"https://ror.org/050pq4m56","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I931681460"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ying-Jih Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Bandar Sungai Long, Kajang, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Bandar Sungai Long, Kajang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I931681460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051221287","display_name":"Wun\u2010She Yap","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0007-6174"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I931681460","display_name":"Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman","ror":"https://ror.org/050pq4m56","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I931681460"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wun-She Yap","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Bandar Sungai Long, Kajang, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Bandar Sungai Long, Kajang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I931681460"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008569391","display_name":"Kok\u2013Chin Khor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9346-1479"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I931681460","display_name":"Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman","ror":"https://ror.org/050pq4m56","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I931681460"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kok-Chin Khor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Bandar Sungai Long, Kajang, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Bandar Sungai Long, Kajang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I931681460"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5104172488"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I931681460"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7414,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8777017,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"3","first_page":"577","last_page":"585"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11197","display_name":"Digital Games and Media","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11197","display_name":"Digital Games and Media","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.9902999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11674","display_name":"Sports Analytics and Performance","score":0.9872999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interquartile-range","display_name":"Interquartile range","score":0.604948103427887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tournament","display_name":"Tournament","score":0.5142273902893066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.48822906613349915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/profiling","display_name":"Profiling (computer programming)","score":0.476737380027771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/booster","display_name":"Booster (rocketry)","score":0.4493567645549774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3262326717376709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.24999165534973145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1539210081100464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14833742380142212}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119060515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1916617","display_name":"Interquartile range","level":2,"score":0.604948103427887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136975688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1320634","display_name":"Tournament","level":2,"score":0.5142273902893066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48822906613349915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187191949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138496","display_name":"Profiling (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.476737380027771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203165030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q741745","display_name":"Booster (rocketry)","level":2,"score":0.4493567645549774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3262326717376709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.24999165534973145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1539210081100464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14833742380142212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tg.2023.3317053","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tg.2023.3317053","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210224842","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Games","issn_l":"2475-1502","issn":["2475-1502","2475-1510"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Games","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.5400000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3123786980","https://openalex.org/W2994965880","https://openalex.org/W4287997709","https://openalex.org/W3083287393","https://openalex.org/W3094108612","https://openalex.org/W3125314910","https://openalex.org/W2982074041","https://openalex.org/W2130950591"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"<italic":[0,149,180],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[1,150,181],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">Dota":[2,151,182],"2</i>":[3,152,183],"is":[4],"one":[5],"popular":[6],"multiplayer":[7],"online":[8],"battle":[9],"arena":[10],"game,":[11,30],"and":[12,25,96,124],"it":[13],"holds":[14],"the":[15,20,29,36,59,81,92,115,126,129,136,141,157,179,199],"grandest":[16],"e-sports":[17],"tournament":[18],"in":[19,35,103,172,178,192],"world\u2014The":[21],"International.":[22],"However,":[23],"smurfs":[24,142,186],"boosters":[26,49,188],"are":[27,40,50,74],"plaguing":[28],"causing":[31],"a":[32,86,108],"continuous":[33],"decline":[34],"player":[37,111],"count.":[38],"Smurfs":[39],"skilled":[41],"players":[42,93,138],"who":[43],"stomp":[44],"less":[45],"experienced":[46],"players,":[47],"while":[48],"paid":[51],"to":[52,76,122,135,139,155,184,197],"improve":[53],"players\u2019":[54,69],"rank.":[55],"At":[56],"this":[57,173,193],"stage,":[58],"developers":[60],"have":[61],"brought":[62],"updates":[63],"on":[64,68,100],"smurf":[65,72,87],"detection":[66,90],"based":[67,99],"complaints,":[70],"where":[71],"accounts":[73],"likely":[75],"be":[77,176],"prevented":[78],"from":[79,114],"entering":[80],"game.":[82],"This":[83],"article":[84,174,194],"proposes":[85],"or":[88,143,187],"booster":[89],"among":[91],"by":[94],"profiling":[95],"identifying":[97],"them":[98],"statistical":[101],"differences":[102],"features.":[104],"Initially,":[105],"we":[106],"created":[107],"dataset":[109],"with":[110],"data":[112],"collected":[113],"OpenDota":[116],"API.":[117],"Then,":[118],"K-means":[119],"was":[120,133,164],"used":[121],"group":[123],"profile":[125],"players.":[127],"Subsequently,":[128],"interquartile":[130],"range":[131],"method":[132],"applied":[134],"high-performing":[137],"identify":[140],"boosters.":[144],"We":[145],"then":[146],"invited":[147],"three":[148],"game":[153],"experts":[154],"review":[156],"resulting":[158],"profiles.":[159],"A":[160],"95%":[161],"accuracy":[162],"score":[163],"achieved":[165],"using":[166],"majority":[167],"voting.":[168],"The":[169,190],"methodology":[170],"proposed":[171],"can":[175],"implemented":[177],"detect":[185],"automatically.":[189],"findings":[191],"shall":[195],"contribute":[196],"prolonging":[198],"game's":[200],"life":[201],"span.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-12-23T23:11:35.936235","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
