{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4226030302","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tg.2022.3167728","title":"Dungeons & Replicants II: Automated Game Balancing Across Multiple Difficulty Dimensions via Deep Player Behavior Modeling","display_name":"Dungeons & Replicants II: Automated Game Balancing Across Multiple Difficulty Dimensions via Deep Player Behavior Modeling","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4226030302","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tg.2022.3167728"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tg.2022.3167728","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tg.2022.3167728","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210224842","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Games","issn_l":"2475-1502","issn":["2475-1502","2475-1510"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Games","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/7890197","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087933735","display_name":"Johannes Pfau","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8760-5023"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180437899","display_name":"University of Bremen","ror":"https://ror.org/04ers2y35","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Johannes Pfau","raw_affiliation_strings":["Digital Media Lab, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8760-5023","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Digital Media Lab, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012075090","display_name":"Antonios Liapis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5554-1961"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197854408","display_name":"University of Malta","ror":"https://ror.org/03a62bv60","country_code":"MT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197854408"]}],"countries":["MT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonios Liapis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Digital Games, University of Malta, Msida, MSD, Malta"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5554-1961","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Digital Games, University of Malta, Msida, MSD, Malta","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197854408"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102978041","display_name":"Georgios N. Yannakakis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2728-4026"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197854408","display_name":"University of Malta","ror":"https://ror.org/03a62bv60","country_code":"MT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197854408"]}],"countries":["MT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Georgios N. Yannakakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Digital Games, University of Malta, Msida, MSD, Malta"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2728-4026","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Digital Games, University of Malta, Msida, MSD, Malta","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197854408"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012935754","display_name":"Rainer Malaka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6463-4828"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180437899","display_name":"University of Bremen","ror":"https://ror.org/04ers2y35","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rainer Malaka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Digital Media Lab, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Digital Media Lab, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0915,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8836606,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"2","first_page":"217","last_page":"227"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11197","display_name":"Digital Games and Media","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10731","display_name":"Educational Games and Gamification","score":0.9886000156402588,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversary","display_name":"Adversary","score":0.7018090486526489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6363343000411987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.6145148873329163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/video-game","display_name":"Video game","score":0.6028765439987183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5781546831130981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.5090062618255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-model","display_name":"Generative model","score":0.41777873039245605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.27813541889190674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.15527251362800598}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41065033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2825412","display_name":"Adversary","level":2,"score":0.7018090486526489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6363343000411987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.6145148873329163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018412434","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7889","display_name":"Video game","level":2,"score":0.6028765439987183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5781546831130981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.5090062618255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.41777873039245605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.27813541889190674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.15527251362800598}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tg.2022.3167728","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tg.2022.3167728","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210224842","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Games","issn_l":"2475-1502","issn":["2475-1502","2475-1510"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Games","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:7890197","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/7890197","pdf_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/7890197","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Transaction on Games Early Access","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:7890197","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/7890197","pdf_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/7890197","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Transaction on Games Early Access","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.699999988079071}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4226030302.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4226030302.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W164981378","https://openalex.org/W165717528","https://openalex.org/W272289055","https://openalex.org/W1603045971","https://openalex.org/W1924976642","https://openalex.org/W1985514943","https://openalex.org/W1995333077","https://openalex.org/W2034720644","https://openalex.org/W2038866473","https://openalex.org/W2050787672","https://openalex.org/W2058552503","https://openalex.org/W2060879201","https://openalex.org/W2084583116","https://openalex.org/W2087097402","https://openalex.org/W2096981866","https://openalex.org/W2113650085","https://openalex.org/W2137264226","https://openalex.org/W2155466795","https://openalex.org/W2159717974","https://openalex.org/W2173771890","https://openalex.org/W2212995356","https://openalex.org/W2397620706","https://openalex.org/W2513077415","https://openalex.org/W2538962136","https://openalex.org/W2566091604","https://openalex.org/W2590230674","https://openalex.org/W2590852302","https://openalex.org/W2593244908","https://openalex.org/W2603016118","https://openalex.org/W2620909826","https://openalex.org/W2763498325","https://openalex.org/W2792893218","https://openalex.org/W2792919371","https://openalex.org/W2794586780","https://openalex.org/W2800701141","https://openalex.org/W2897406577","https://openalex.org/W2898502855","https://openalex.org/W2942569678","https://openalex.org/W2963653425","https://openalex.org/W2966059979","https://openalex.org/W2976245088","https://openalex.org/W2976667798","https://openalex.org/W2988506894","https://openalex.org/W3000499753","https://openalex.org/W3025887383","https://openalex.org/W3026027016","https://openalex.org/W3093621925","https://openalex.org/W3094660241","https://openalex.org/W6606662933","https://openalex.org/W6606774009","https://openalex.org/W6635881838","https://openalex.org/W6766256442","https://openalex.org/W6881109373","https://openalex.org/W6908291321"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4365211920","https://openalex.org/W3014948380","https://openalex.org/W4380551139","https://openalex.org/W4317695495","https://openalex.org/W4287117424","https://openalex.org/W4387506531","https://openalex.org/W2087346071","https://openalex.org/W4238433571","https://openalex.org/W2967848559","https://openalex.org/W4299831724"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Video":[0],"game":[1,15,52],"testing":[2],"has":[3],"become":[4],"a":[5,34,116,158],"major":[6],"investment":[7],"of":[8,20,56,92,98,131],"time,":[9],"labor,":[10],"and":[11,24,50,73,110,167,176],"expense":[12],"in":[13,46,136],"the":[14,18,102,119,140],"industry.":[16],"Particularly":[17],"balancing":[19],"in-game":[21],"units,":[22],"characters,":[23],"classes":[25,162],"can":[26],"cause":[27],"long-lasting":[28],"issues":[29],"that":[30,108,133,143],"persist":[31],"years":[32],"after":[33],"game's":[35],"launch.":[36],"While":[37],"approaches":[38],"incorporating":[39],"artificial":[40],"intelligence":[41],"have":[42],"already":[43],"shown":[44],"successes":[45],"reducing":[47],"manual":[48],"effort":[49],"enhancing":[51],"development":[53],"processes,":[54],"most":[55],"these":[57],"draw":[58],"on":[59],"heuristic,":[60],"generalized,":[61],"or":[62,155],"optimal":[63],"behavior":[64,87],"routines,":[65],"while":[66],"actual":[67],"low-level":[68],"decisions":[69],"from":[70,95],"individual":[71],"players":[72,94],"their":[74],"resulting":[75,120],"playing":[76,113],"styles":[77],"are":[78],"rarely":[79],"considered.":[80],"In":[81,115],"this":[82,145],"article,":[83],"we":[84],"applydeep":[85],"player":[86],"modelingto":[88],"turn":[89],"atomic":[90],"actions":[91],"213":[93],"six":[96],"months":[97],"single-player":[99],"instances":[100],"within":[101],"MMORPG":[103],"Aion":[104],"into":[105],"generative":[106,121],"models":[107],"capture":[109],"reproduce":[111],"particular":[112,170],"strategies.":[114],"subsequent":[117],"simulation,":[118],"agents":[122],"(\u201creplicants\u201d)":[123],"were":[124],"tested":[125],"against":[126],"common":[127],"NPC":[128],"opponent":[129],"types":[130],"MMORPGs":[132],"iteratively":[134],"increased":[135],"difficulty,":[137],"respective":[138],"to":[139],"primary":[141],"factor":[142],"constitutes":[144],"enemy":[146],"type":[147],"(Melee,":[148],"Ranged,":[149],"Rogue,":[150],"Buffer,":[151],"Debuffer,":[152],"Healer,":[153],"Tank,":[154],"Group).":[156],"As":[157],"result,":[159],"imbalances":[160],"between":[161],"as":[163,165],"well":[164],"strengths":[166],"weaknesses":[168],"regarding":[169],"combat":[171],"challenges":[172],"could":[173],"be":[174],"identified":[175],"regulated":[177],"automatically.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-04T08:18:43.703281","created_date":"2022-05-05T00:00:00"}