{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3142556572","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tg.2021.3069766","title":"Playing Against the Board: Rolling Horizon Evolutionary Algorithms Against <i>Pandemic</i>","display_name":"Playing Against the Board: Rolling Horizon Evolutionary Algorithms Against <i>Pandemic</i>","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3142556572","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tg.2021.3069766","mag":"3142556572"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tg.2021.3069766","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tg.2021.3069766","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210224842","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Games","issn_l":"2475-1502","issn":["2475-1502","2475-1510"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Games","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2103.15090","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Konstantinos Sfikas","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197854408","display_name":"University of Malta","ror":"https://ror.org/03a62bv60","country_code":"MT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197854408"]}],"countries":["MT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Konstantinos Sfikas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Digital Games, University of Malta, Msida, MSD, Malta"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Digital Games, University of Malta, Msida, MSD, Malta","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197854408"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Antonios Liapis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5554-1961"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197854408","display_name":"University of Malta","ror":"https://ror.org/03a62bv60","country_code":"MT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197854408"]}],"countries":["MT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonios Liapis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Digital Games, University of Malta, Msida, MSD, Malta"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5554-1961","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Digital Games, University of Malta, Msida, MSD, Malta","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197854408"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197854408"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5211,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71997587,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"3","first_page":"339","last_page":"349"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.8335999846458435,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.8335999846458435,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10731","display_name":"Educational Games and Gamification","score":0.03779999911785126,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.029899999499320984,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolutionary-algorithm","display_name":"Evolutionary algorithm","score":0.6184999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.5006999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/guard","display_name":"Guard (computer science)","score":0.4875999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolutionary-computation","display_name":"Evolutionary computation","score":0.43309998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/testbed","display_name":"Testbed","score":0.41449999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-algorithm","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","score":0.4077000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.38749998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.3495999872684479}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6233000159263611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159149176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14489129","display_name":"Evolutionary algorithm","level":2,"score":0.6184999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.5006999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141141315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2379942","display_name":"Guard (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4875999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105902424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1197129","display_name":"Evolutionary computation","level":2,"score":0.43309998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31395832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318674","display_name":"Testbed","level":2,"score":0.41449999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.40849998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8880873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187787","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.4077000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4004000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.38749998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.3495999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22171661","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074380","display_name":"Stochastic game","level":2,"score":0.3149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.31220000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121835503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2596288","display_name":"Evolutionary programming","level":3,"score":0.30630001425743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28761237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7805321","display_name":"Time horizon","level":2,"score":0.3041999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177606310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5674297","display_name":"Adaptability","level":2,"score":0.29190000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177142836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44455","display_name":"Game theory","level":2,"score":0.287200003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018963415","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16878425","display_name":"On board","level":2,"score":0.2773999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780767217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532421","display_name":"Generality","level":2,"score":0.27410000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94966114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29256","display_name":"Black box","level":2,"score":0.2655999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185874996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269699","display_name":"Interdependence","level":2,"score":0.2540999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107257861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q656316","display_name":"Coordination game","level":2,"score":0.2524999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.25189998745918274}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tg.2021.3069766","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tg.2021.3069766","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210224842","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Games","issn_l":"2475-1502","issn":["2475-1502","2475-1510"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Games","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2103.15090","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2103.15090","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2103.15090","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:4926966","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TG.2021.3069766","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2103.15090","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2103.15090","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2103.15090","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7017174579","display_name":"A European Excellence Centre for Media, Society and Democracy","funder_award_id":"951911","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338475","funder_display_name":"H2020 LEIT Information and Communication Technologies"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338475","display_name":"H2020 LEIT Information and Communication Technologies","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1628056908","https://openalex.org/W1917426767","https://openalex.org/W1961020560","https://openalex.org/W1973194029","https://openalex.org/W2019257274","https://openalex.org/W2037892284","https://openalex.org/W2058552503","https://openalex.org/W2077755260","https://openalex.org/W2102256448","https://openalex.org/W2125693710","https://openalex.org/W2126105956","https://openalex.org/W2126316555","https://openalex.org/W2157803532","https://openalex.org/W2257979135","https://openalex.org/W2328180972","https://openalex.org/W2414084615","https://openalex.org/W2494797516","https://openalex.org/W2588645044","https://openalex.org/W2750737324","https://openalex.org/W2765782498","https://openalex.org/W2766774971","https://openalex.org/W2788984134","https://openalex.org/W2911296969","https://openalex.org/W2911683482","https://openalex.org/W2963186323","https://openalex.org/W2963672598","https://openalex.org/W2975367726","https://openalex.org/W2975737831","https://openalex.org/W2976153044","https://openalex.org/W2982534290","https://openalex.org/W3088130808","https://openalex.org/W3093931760","https://openalex.org/W4321428174","https://openalex.org/W6755224613","https://openalex.org/W6795531028","https://openalex.org/W6839870034"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Competitive":[0],"board":[1,18,39,61,73,176,191],"games":[2,19,40,192],"have":[3],"provided":[4],"a":[5,21,63,80,103,109,153],"rich":[6],"and":[7,62,78,121,147,179],"diverse":[8],"testbed":[9],"for":[10,87,118,124,170,198],"artificial":[11,25,195],"intelligence.":[12],"This":[13,66],"article":[14,67],"contends":[15],"that":[16,160,174,189],"collaborative":[17,72,190],"pose":[20,193],"different":[22,47,144],"challenge":[23,57],"to":[24,44,53,194],"intelligence":[26],"as":[27],"it":[28],"must":[29],"balance":[30],"short-term":[31],"risk":[32],"mitigation":[33],"with":[34],"long-term":[35],"winning":[36],"strategies.":[37],"Collaborative":[38],"task":[41],"all":[42],"players":[43],"coordinate":[45],"their":[46,51],"powers":[48],"or":[49],"pool":[50],"resources":[52],"overcome":[54],"an":[55,161],"escalating":[56],"posed":[58],"by":[59],"the":[60,70,95,125,129,134,171,175,185],"stochastic":[64,104],"ruleset.":[65],"focuses":[68],"on":[69],"exemplary":[71],"game":[74,99,141],"<italic":[75,96],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[76,97],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">Pandemic</i>":[77,98],"presents":[79],"rolling":[81],"horizon":[82],"evolutionary":[83,130,162],"algorithm":[84,135],"designed":[85,113],"specifically":[86],"this":[88],"game.":[89],"The":[90],"complex":[91],"way":[92,107],"in":[93,102],"which":[94,136],"state":[100,142],"changes":[101],"but":[105],"predictable":[106],"required":[108],"number":[110],"of":[111,128,133,187],"specially":[112],"forward":[114],"models,":[115],"macroaction":[116],"representations":[117],"decision":[119],"making,":[120],"repair":[122],"functions":[123],"genetic":[126],"operations":[127],"algorithm.":[131],"Variants":[132],"explore":[137],"optimistic":[138],"versus":[139],"pessimistic":[140],"evaluations,":[143],"mutation":[145],"rates,":[146],"event":[148],"horizons":[149],"are":[150],"compared":[151],"against":[152,181],"baseline":[154],"hierarchical":[155],"policy":[156],"agent.":[157],"Results":[158,183],"show":[159],"approach":[163],"via":[164],"short-horizon":[165],"rollouts":[166],"can":[167],"better":[168],"account":[169],"future":[172],"dangers":[173],"may":[177],"introduce,":[178],"guard":[180],"them.":[182],"highlight":[184],"types":[186],"challenges":[188],"intelligence,":[196],"especially":[197],"handling":[199],"multiplayer":[200],"collaboration":[201],"interactions.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-05T07:39:15.569665","created_date":"2021-04-13T00:00:00"}