{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2973824435","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tg.2019.2942773","title":"Solving <i>Sudoku</i> With Ant Colony Optimization","display_name":"Solving <i>Sudoku</i> With Ant Colony Optimization","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-09-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2973824435","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tg.2019.2942773","mag":"2973824435"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tg.2019.2942773","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tg.2019.2942773","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210224842","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Games","issn_l":"2475-1502","issn":["2475-1502","2475-1510"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Games","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069957801","display_name":"Huw Lloyd","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6537-4036"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11983389","display_name":"Manchester Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02hstj355","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Huw Lloyd","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing and Mathematics, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6537-4036","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing and Mathematics, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075723057","display_name":"Martyn Amos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1680-5535"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32394136","display_name":"Northumbria University","ror":"https://ror.org/049e6bc10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martyn Amos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1680-5535","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069957801"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8475,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74672257,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"3","first_page":"302","last_page":"311"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11797","display_name":"graph theory and CDMA systems","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11797","display_name":"graph theory and CDMA systems","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12176","display_name":"Optimization and Packing Problems","score":0.954800009727478,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backtracking","display_name":"Backtracking","score":0.647179365158081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6056245565414429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ant-colony-optimization-algorithms","display_name":"Ant colony optimization algorithms","score":0.589868426322937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solver","display_name":"Solver","score":0.5868338942527771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmarking","display_name":"Benchmarking","score":0.5615550875663757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.4511600136756897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.4441920220851898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ant-colony","display_name":"Ant colony","score":0.4373512864112854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4094638228416443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.38201335072517395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2995864748954773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.24558842182159424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09328266978263855}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156884757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q798554","display_name":"Backtracking","level":2,"score":0.647179365158081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6056245565414429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40128228","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q460851","display_name":"Ant colony optimization algorithms","level":2,"score":0.589868426322937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778770139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1966904","display_name":"Solver","level":2,"score":0.5868338942527771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.5615550875663757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.4511600136756897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.4441920220851898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60891933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q796575","display_name":"Ant colony","level":3,"score":0.4373512864112854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4094638228416443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.38201335072517395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2995864748954773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.24558842182159424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09328266978263855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tg.2019.2942773","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tg.2019.2942773","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210224842","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Games","issn_l":"2475-1502","issn":["2475-1502","2475-1510"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Games","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:e-space.mmu.ac.uk:624691","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/view/authors/e1c382993556e8d94ce28df733679152.html>","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:nrl.northumbria.ac.uk:42112","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401884","display_name":"Northumbria Research Link (Northumbria University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I32394136","host_organization_name":"Northumbria University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1540419192","https://openalex.org/W1578190862","https://openalex.org/W1580022276","https://openalex.org/W1604542223","https://openalex.org/W1947063854","https://openalex.org/W1974348704","https://openalex.org/W1980298025","https://openalex.org/W1997541371","https://openalex.org/W2010455385","https://openalex.org/W2011039300","https://openalex.org/W2034959434","https://openalex.org/W2049458772","https://openalex.org/W2083140445","https://openalex.org/W2091567088","https://openalex.org/W2094971942","https://openalex.org/W2101168433","https://openalex.org/W2107941094","https://openalex.org/W2126372565","https://openalex.org/W2140512931","https://openalex.org/W2147596084","https://openalex.org/W2154929945","https://openalex.org/W2159836663","https://openalex.org/W2171211995","https://openalex.org/W2401610261","https://openalex.org/W2558474516","https://openalex.org/W2593334699","https://openalex.org/W2603732884","https://openalex.org/W2792919371","https://openalex.org/W3038027991","https://openalex.org/W3147414854","https://openalex.org/W3149604617","https://openalex.org/W4210989800","https://openalex.org/W4211130072","https://openalex.org/W4248872944","https://openalex.org/W6631638067","https://openalex.org/W6640638419","https://openalex.org/W6780167222","https://openalex.org/W6981654908"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2347951034","https://openalex.org/W2313077844","https://openalex.org/W2388326823","https://openalex.org/W2366876790","https://openalex.org/W2071981049","https://openalex.org/W2381829748","https://openalex.org/W2244460820","https://openalex.org/W2109336245","https://openalex.org/W2061313076","https://openalex.org/W2070079705"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"article,":[2],"we":[3],"present":[4],"a":[5,42,56,69,79,84],"new":[6],"algorithm":[7,24,40],"for":[8,65,82],"the":[9,22,26,48,53,63],"well-known":[10],"and":[11,51,73],"computationally":[12],"challenging":[13],"Sudoku":[14],"puzzle":[15,71],"game.":[16],"Our":[17],"ant-colony-optimization-based":[18],"method":[19],"significantly":[20],"outperforms":[21],"state-of-the-art":[23],"on":[25,68],"hardest,":[27],"large":[28],"instances":[29],"of":[30,47,55,87],"Sudoku.":[31],"We":[32],"provide":[33],"evidence":[34],"that-compared":[35],"to":[36],"traditional":[37],"backtracking":[38],"methods-our":[39],"offers":[41],"much":[43],"more":[44],"efficient":[45],"search":[46],"solution":[49],"space,":[50],"demonstrate":[52],"utility":[54],"novel":[57],"antistagnation":[58],"operator.":[59],"This":[60],"work":[61,67],"lays":[62],"foundation":[64],"future":[66],"general-purpose":[70],"solver,":[72],"establishes":[74],"Japanese":[75],"pencil":[76],"puzzles":[77],"as":[78],"suitable":[80],"platform":[81],"benchmarking":[83],"wide":[85],"range":[86],"algorithms.":[88]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}