{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7117297762","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tfuzz.2025.3644901","title":"Fuzzy Language Gaussian Splatting","display_name":"Fuzzy Language Gaussian Splatting","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7117297762","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tfuzz.2025.3644901"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tfuzz.2025.3644901","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tfuzz.2025.3644901","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S134177497","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems","issn_l":"1063-6706","issn":["1063-6706","1941-0034"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121302792","display_name":"Jiajun Ding","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiajun Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Complex Systems Modeling and Simulation, School of Computer Science and Technology, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7497-7485","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Complex Systems Modeling and Simulation, School of Computer Science and Technology, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zhijie Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhijie Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Complex Systems Modeling and Simulation, School of Computer Science and Technology, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Complex Systems Modeling and Simulation, School of Computer Science and Technology, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121354287","display_name":"Yaowei Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaowei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Complex Systems Modeling and Simulation, School of Computer Science and Technology, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Complex Systems Modeling and Simulation, School of Computer Science and Technology, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121334656","display_name":"Hongxi Zhu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongxi Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Complex Systems Modeling and Simulation, School of Computer Science and Technology, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Complex Systems Modeling and Simulation, School of Computer Science and Technology, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031874582","display_name":"Juan Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4868-3168"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Complex Systems Modeling and Simulation, School of Computer Science and Technology, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Complex Systems Modeling and Simulation, School of Computer Science and Technology, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121356803","display_name":"Min Tan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Complex Systems Modeling and Simulation, School of Computer Science and Technology, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1842-4050","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Complex Systems Modeling and Simulation, School of Computer Science and Technology, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zhou Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8407-1137"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhou Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Complex Systems Modeling and Simulation, School of Computer Science and Technology, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8407-1137","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Complex Systems Modeling and Simulation, School of Computer Science and Technology, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5295,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71642467,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"4","first_page":"1165","last_page":"1174"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.3427000045776367,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.3427000045776367,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.1890999972820282,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.0812000036239624,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-logic","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","score":0.6527000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pairwise-comparison","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","score":0.5515999794006348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5001000165939331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.4952999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.4661000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.41499999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.4009999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.38670000433921814}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8561000227928162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224821","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","level":2,"score":0.6527000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184898388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1435712","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","level":2,"score":0.5515999794006348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5278000235557556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5001000165939331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.4952999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.4661000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4456000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.41499999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.4009999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.38670000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.35269999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.3208000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3158999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.3034999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.2840000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.27720001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42011625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1055058","display_name":"Fuzzy set","level":3,"score":0.2694999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61326573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1496376","display_name":"Gaussian process","level":3,"score":0.2538999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777035058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662634","display_name":"Clique","level":2,"score":0.25270000100135803}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tfuzz.2025.3644901","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tfuzz.2025.3644901","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S134177497","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems","issn_l":"1063-6706","issn":["1063-6706","1941-0034"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1690291968","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62422204","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2062705823","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2025C01026","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F8142712028","funder_display_name":"Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3236026856","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62206082","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4067506605","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62472133","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F8142712028","display_name":"Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2116007667","https://openalex.org/W3020949487","https://openalex.org/W3153220274","https://openalex.org/W4221151978","https://openalex.org/W4312234520","https://openalex.org/W4386075614","https://openalex.org/W4386075787","https://openalex.org/W4386076522","https://openalex.org/W4390872744","https://openalex.org/W4390872745","https://openalex.org/W4390873312","https://openalex.org/W4390874575","https://openalex.org/W4390874670","https://openalex.org/W4392607876","https://openalex.org/W4401416853","https://openalex.org/W4401717624","https://openalex.org/W4402703038","https://openalex.org/W4402716032","https://openalex.org/W4402727234","https://openalex.org/W4402727529","https://openalex.org/W4402727915","https://openalex.org/W4402733575","https://openalex.org/W4402754296","https://openalex.org/W4402771875","https://openalex.org/W4402952458","https://openalex.org/W4403081598","https://openalex.org/W4404002612","https://openalex.org/W4413120448","https://openalex.org/W4413125513","https://openalex.org/W4413144646","https://openalex.org/W7133197446","https://openalex.org/W7133213856"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"advancements":[1],"in":[2,127,222],"open-vocabulary":[3,223],"3D":[4,27,56,67,76,92,190,224],"querying":[5],"have":[6],"achieved":[7],"remarkable":[8],"progress.":[9],"However,":[10],"existing":[11,220],"approaches":[12],"such":[13],"as":[14,177],"LERF":[15],"and":[16,54,73,123,155,205],"LangSplat":[17],"still":[18],"rely":[19],"heavily":[20],"on":[21,80,131],"specific":[22],"query":[23,36,82,133],"text":[24,37],"for":[25,89,209],"accurate":[26],"target":[28,77,153,191],"identification.":[29],"They":[30],"fail":[31],"to":[32,71,121,176,186],"accurately":[33],"comprehend":[34],"fuzzy":[35,68,81,132,225],"(which":[38],"describes":[39],"a":[40,64,84,91,105,115,207],"target's":[41],"properties,":[42],"functions,":[43],"or":[44],"traits":[45],"rather":[46],"than":[47],"naming":[48],"it":[49],"directly),":[50],"causing":[51],"localization":[52],"mistakes":[53],"poor":[55],"segmentation":[57],"results.":[58],"In":[59],"this":[60,97,210],"work,":[61],"we":[62,99,146,181,199],"introduce":[63],"novel":[65],"task\u2014open-vocabulary":[66],"query\u2014which":[69],"aims":[70],"locate":[72],"generate":[74],"precise":[75,189],"masks":[78,138,154,192],"based":[79,130],"text,":[83,134],"capability":[85],"that":[86,217],"is":[87,166],"crucial":[88],"building":[90],"intelligent":[93],"system.":[94],"To":[95],"address":[96],"challenge,":[98],"proposeFuzzy":[100],"Language":[101],"Gaussian":[102],"Splatting":[103],"(FL-GS),":[104],"framework":[106],"consisting":[107],"of":[108],"three":[109],"key":[110,203],"stages:":[111],"We":[112],"first":[113],"leverage":[114],"multimodal":[116],"large":[117],"language":[118],"model":[119,143],"(MLLM)":[120],"identify":[122],"localize":[124],"potential":[125],"targets":[126],"representative":[128],"views":[129],"thereby":[135],"generating":[136],"initial":[137],"using":[139],"the":[140,148,163,170],"segment":[141],"anything":[142],"(SAM).":[144],"Subsequently,":[145],"compute":[147],"pairwise":[149],"similarity":[150],"between":[151],"all":[152],"construct":[156],"an":[157],"undirected,":[158],"unweighted":[159],"graph,":[160],"from":[161],"which":[162],"maximum":[164],"clique":[165],"identified,":[167],"thus":[168],"obtaining":[169],"most":[171],"probable":[172],"correct":[173],"masks,":[174],"referred":[175],"refined":[178,196],"masks.":[179,197],"Finally,":[180],"propose":[182],"single-dimensional":[183],"mask":[184],"encoding":[185],"efficiently":[187],"achieve":[188],"through":[193],"supervision":[194],"with":[195],"Furthermore,":[198],"manually":[200],"annotated":[201],"two":[202],"datasets":[204],"established":[206],"benchmark":[208],"new":[211],"task.":[212],"Experimental":[213],"results":[214],"clearly":[215],"demonstrate":[216],"FL-GS":[218],"outperforms":[219],"methods":[221],"querying.":[226]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-12-26T00:00:00"}