{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413343953","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tfuzz.2025.3600567","title":"Classic Fuzzy Cognitive Maps Are Not Universal Approximators","display_name":"Classic Fuzzy Cognitive Maps Are Not Universal Approximators","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413343953","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tfuzz.2025.3600567"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tfuzz.2025.3600567","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tfuzz.2025.3600567","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S134177497","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems","issn_l":"1063-6706","issn":["1063-6706","1941-0034"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://research.tilburguniversity.edu/en/publications/c6f3b6e1-a8bc-4fe6-aa08-e582bd11f105","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080556232","display_name":"Leonardo Concepci\u00f3n","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4515-2038"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173304897","display_name":"Universidad de Granada","ror":"https://ror.org/04njjy449","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173304897"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131846","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03c0ach84","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134820265","https://openalex.org/I4210131846"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leonardo Concepci\u00f3n","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of Granada, Granada, Spain","Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence and with the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI), University of Granada, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4515-2038","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of Granada, Granada, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173304897"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence and with the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI), University of Granada, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131846"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036962111","display_name":"Gonzalo N\u00e1poles","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1936-3701"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193700539","display_name":"Tilburg University","ror":"https://ror.org/04b8v1s79","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193700539"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gonzalo N\u00e1poles","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cognitive Science & Artificial Intelligence, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands","Department of Cognitive Science & Artificial Intelligence, Tilburg University, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1936-3701","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cognitive Science & Artificial Intelligence, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193700539"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cognitive Science & Artificial Intelligence, Tilburg University, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193700539"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059499436","display_name":"Yamisleydi Salgueiro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1946-0053"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134695357","display_name":"University of Talca","ror":"https://ror.org/01s4gpq44","country_code":"CL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134695357"]}],"countries":["CL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yamisleydi Salgueiro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad de Talca, Curicó, Chile"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1946-0053","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad de Talca, Curicó, Chile","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134695357"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042634804","display_name":"Koen Vanhoof","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7084-4223"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I878454856","display_name":"Hasselt University","ror":"https://ror.org/04nbhqj75","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I878454856"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Koen Vanhoof","raw_affiliation_strings":["Business Informatics Research Group, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium","Business Informatics Research Group, Hasselt University, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7084-4223","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Business Informatics Research Group, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I878454856"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Business Informatics Research Group, Hasselt University, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I878454856"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.396,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85461491,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"11","first_page":"3959","last_page":"3966"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12805","display_name":"Cognitive Science and Mapping","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12805","display_name":"Cognitive Science and Mapping","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13062","display_name":"Cognitive Computing and Networks","score":0.9829000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-cognitive-map","display_name":"Fuzzy cognitive map","score":0.6884037852287292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5623823404312134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-logic","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","score":0.5229359865188599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.45806553959846497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-control-system","display_name":"Fuzzy control system","score":0.4462757706642151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.4310440719127655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3496314287185669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuro-fuzzy","display_name":"Neuro-fuzzy","score":0.327653169631958}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5041914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5511107","display_name":"Fuzzy cognitive map","level":5,"score":0.6884037852287292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5623823404312134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224821","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","level":2,"score":0.5229359865188599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45806553959846497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195975749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1475705","display_name":"Fuzzy control system","level":3,"score":0.4462757706642151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.4310440719127655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3496314287185669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29470771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4165150","display_name":"Neuro-fuzzy","level":4,"score":0.327653169631958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tfuzz.2025.3600567","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tfuzz.2025.3600567","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S134177497","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems","issn_l":"1063-6706","issn":["1063-6706","1941-0034"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:tilburguniversity.edu:openaire/c6f3b6e1-a8bc-4fe6-aa08-e582bd11f105","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.tilburguniversity.edu/en/publications/c6f3b6e1-a8bc-4fe6-aa08-e582bd11f105","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401490","display_name":"Research portal (Tilburg University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I193700539","host_organization_name":"Tilburg University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193700539"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Concepci\u00f3n, L, N\u00e1poles, G, Salgueiro, Y & Vanhoof, K 2025, 'Classic Fuzzy Cognitive Maps Are Not Universal Approximators', IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, vol. 33, no. 11, pp. 3959-3966. https://doi.org/10.1109/TFUZZ.2025.3600567","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:documentserver.uhasselt.be:1942/47761","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1942/47761","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401926","display_name":"Document Server@UHasselt (UHasselt)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I878454856","host_organization_name":"Hasselt University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I878454856"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:tilburguniversity.edu:openaire/c6f3b6e1-a8bc-4fe6-aa08-e582bd11f105","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.tilburguniversity.edu/en/publications/c6f3b6e1-a8bc-4fe6-aa08-e582bd11f105","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401490","display_name":"Research portal (Tilburg University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I193700539","host_organization_name":"Tilburg University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193700539"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Concepci\u00f3n, L, N\u00e1poles, G, Salgueiro, Y & Vanhoof, K 2025, 'Classic Fuzzy Cognitive Maps Are Not Universal Approximators', IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, vol. 33, no. 11, pp. 3959-3966. https://doi.org/10.1109/TFUZZ.2025.3600567","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.41999998688697815,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1671971767","https://openalex.org/W1971735090","https://openalex.org/W1986278072","https://openalex.org/W2036990940","https://openalex.org/W2092394555","https://openalex.org/W2103496339","https://openalex.org/W2137983211","https://openalex.org/W2593382986","https://openalex.org/W2766846120","https://openalex.org/W2803510223","https://openalex.org/W2955330830","https://openalex.org/W3005835754","https://openalex.org/W3092529271","https://openalex.org/W3134697179","https://openalex.org/W3163175316","https://openalex.org/W4200198072","https://openalex.org/W4206988069","https://openalex.org/W4226320832","https://openalex.org/W4312106306","https://openalex.org/W4389762511","https://openalex.org/W4391316800","https://openalex.org/W4391316840","https://openalex.org/W4392139168","https://openalex.org/W4395678435","https://openalex.org/W4401540389","https://openalex.org/W4401750630","https://openalex.org/W4405634737","https://openalex.org/W4408186613"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2063798559","https://openalex.org/W2343440291","https://openalex.org/W2991207020","https://openalex.org/W1661487699","https://openalex.org/W2372922208","https://openalex.org/W3207109968","https://openalex.org/W2336148757","https://openalex.org/W135622916","https://openalex.org/W829773823","https://openalex.org/W2937114745"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Fuzzy":[0],"Cognitive":[1],"Maps":[2],"(FCMs)":[3],"are":[4,63,92,120,126],"knowledge-based":[5],"recurrent":[6],"neural":[7,11],"networks":[8],"that":[9,61,91,118,125,154,191,207,218],"involve":[10],"concepts":[12],"and":[13,49,67,75,94,100,109,210],"causal":[14],"relationships.":[15],"Despite":[16],"being":[17],"successful":[18],"in":[19,29,146],"several":[20],"domains,":[21],"classic":[22,133],"FCMs":[23,62,160],"often":[24],"fall":[25],"behind":[26],"black-box":[27],"models":[28,135],"terms":[30],"of":[31,52,82,107,159,171],"their":[32,46,53,143],"approximation":[33],"capabilities.":[34],"However,":[35],"the":[36,50,79,101,105,156,168,198,225],"literature":[37],"only":[38],"reports":[39],"a":[40,182,188,204],"few":[41],"studies":[42],"devoted":[43],"to":[44,78,113,164],"understanding":[45],"theoretical":[47,73,152],"foundations":[48],"cause":[51],"limited":[54],"performance.":[55],"In":[56],"this":[57],"paper,":[58,173],"we":[59,174,202],"prove":[60],"not":[64],"universal":[65],"approximators":[66],"base":[68],"our":[69,172,219],"proof":[70],"on":[71],"recent":[72],"findings":[74,99],"theorems":[76],"related":[77],"dynamic":[80],"behavior":[81],"FCM-based":[83,178,221],"models.":[84],"Our":[85],"results":[86,153],"hold":[87],"for":[88,129],"activation":[89],"functions":[90],"bounded":[93],"monotonically":[95],"increasing.":[96],"These":[97],"analytical":[98,194],"empirical":[102],"evidence":[103],"(from":[104],"analysis":[106],"covering":[108],"proximity":[110],"measures":[111],"applied":[112],"synthetically":[114],"generated":[115],"FCMs)":[116],"show":[117],"there":[119],"significant":[121],"state":[122],"space":[123],"regions":[124],"never":[127],"produced":[128],"some":[130],"problems.":[131],"Consequently,":[132],"FCM":[134],"cannot":[136],"generally":[137],"approximate":[138],"these":[139],"values,":[140],"thus":[141],"hindering":[142],"predictive":[144],"capabilities":[145],"machine":[147],"learning":[148],"tasks.":[149],"The":[150],"same":[151],"exposed":[155],"design":[157],"weaknesses":[158],"can":[161],"be":[162],"used":[163],"overcome":[165],"them.":[166],"As":[167],"second":[169],"contribution":[170],"propose":[175],"two":[176],"enhanced":[177,220],"classifiers":[179,222],"equipped":[180],"with":[181,187],"quasi-nonlinear":[183],"reasoning":[184],"rule,":[185],"together":[186],"decision-making":[189],"layer":[190],"uses":[192],"derived":[193],"results.":[195],"To":[196],"fine-tune":[197],"classifiers'":[199],"learnable":[200],"parameters,":[201],"introduce":[203],"backpropagation-like":[205],"algorithm":[206],"balances":[208],"convergence":[209],"accuracy.":[211],"Numerical":[212],"simulations":[213],"using":[214],"realworld":[215],"datasets":[216],"indicate":[217],"significantly":[223],"outperform":[224],"classical":[226],"model.":[227]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}