{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404788800","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tevc.2024.3506731","title":"Evolutionary Computation in the Era of Large Language Model: Survey and Roadmap","display_name":"Evolutionary Computation in the Era of Large Language Model: Survey and Roadmap","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404788800","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tevc.2024.3506731"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tevc.2024.3506731","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tevc.2024.3506731","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S93787993","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation","issn_l":"1089-778X","issn":["1089-778X","1941-0026"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101768802","display_name":"Xingyu Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8204-6197"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingyu Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","Department of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8204-6197","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043491942","display_name":"Sheng-Hao Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4312-2521"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheng-Hao Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","Department of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018341980","display_name":"Jibin Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0135-4188"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jibin Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence and the Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","Department of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0135-4188","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence and the Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Liang Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1521-2757"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1521-2757","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025285243","display_name":"Kay Chen Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6802-2463"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kay Chen Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","Department of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6802-2463","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":24.1333,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":101,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99699813,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"2","first_page":"534","last_page":"554"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.5544000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.5544000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolutionary-computation","display_name":"Evolutionary computation","score":0.6448685526847839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5530110001564026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.4823012351989746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolutionary-algorithm","display_name":"Evolutionary algorithm","score":0.41026127338409424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.39032354950904846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.19921761751174927}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105902424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1197129","display_name":"Evolutionary computation","level":2,"score":0.6448685526847839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5530110001564026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.4823012351989746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159149176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14489129","display_name":"Evolutionary algorithm","level":2,"score":0.41026127338409424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39032354950904846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.19921761751174927}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tevc.2024.3506731","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tevc.2024.3506731","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S93787993","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation","issn_l":"1089-778X","issn":["1089-778X","1941-0026"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk:10397/113668","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10397/113668","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400205","display_name":"PolyU Institutional Research Archive (Hong Kong Polytechnic University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal/Magazine Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2159245610","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62306259","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2757623951","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U21A20512","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7668570403","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P0043563","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322598","funder_display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8295769195","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022YFC3801700","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8504764422","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P0046094","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322598","funder_display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322598","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":154,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1626834557","https://openalex.org/W1975147762","https://openalex.org/W1993885071","https://openalex.org/W1995571961","https://openalex.org/W2007930753","https://openalex.org/W2024060531","https://openalex.org/W2055579589","https://openalex.org/W2084792706","https://openalex.org/W2110988848","https://openalex.org/W2122205205","https://openalex.org/W2126105956","https://openalex.org/W2138537392","https://openalex.org/W2160089068","https://openalex.org/W2306286809","https://openalex.org/W2410677328","https://openalex.org/W2462548332","https://openalex.org/W2586946380","https://openalex.org/W2608579592","https://openalex.org/W3019361465","https://openalex.org/W3174708387","https://openalex.org/W3180942591","https://openalex.org/W3184980526","https://openalex.org/W3189072974","https://openalex.org/W3192682950","https://openalex.org/W4231702991","https://openalex.org/W4294811467","https://openalex.org/W4311887664","https://openalex.org/W4312045253","https://openalex.org/W4320853928","https://openalex.org/W4365512576","https://openalex.org/W4378591002","https://openalex.org/W4382246105","https://openalex.org/W4384993645","https://openalex.org/W4385210979","https://openalex.org/W4385270985","https://openalex.org/W4385326687","https://openalex.org/W4385573069","https://openalex.org/W4385574139","https://openalex.org/W4385671288","https://openalex.org/W4386566614","https://openalex.org/W4387773384","https://openalex.org/W4389166691","https://openalex.org/W4389285856","https://openalex.org/W4389727268","https://openalex.org/W4390195781","https://openalex.org/W4390692489","https://openalex.org/W4391862446","https://openalex.org/W4391876565","https://openalex.org/W4392240262","https://openalex.org/W4393106948","https://openalex.org/W4394845301","https://openalex.org/W4397004462","https://openalex.org/W4400380401","https://openalex.org/W4401209657","https://openalex.org/W4401214131","https://openalex.org/W4401215540","https://openalex.org/W4401416311","https://openalex.org/W4401834466","https://openalex.org/W4402157623","https://openalex.org/W4402289367","https://openalex.org/W4402351409","https://openalex.org/W4402480400","https://openalex.org/W4402670184","https://openalex.org/W4406275792","https://openalex.org/W6622219343","https://openalex.org/W6682701150","https://openalex.org/W6721127235","https://openalex.org/W6729842900","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6758657797","https://openalex.org/W6764072591","https://openalex.org/W6769627184","https://openalex.org/W6771627385","https://openalex.org/W6780743083","https://openalex.org/W6798182279","https://openalex.org/W6798211005","https://openalex.org/W6802300087","https://openalex.org/W6809968427","https://openalex.org/W6810033765","https://openalex.org/W6810081322","https://openalex.org/W6810259726","https://openalex.org/W6810288200","https://openalex.org/W6810313920","https://openalex.org/W6810874553","https://openalex.org/W6838461927","https://openalex.org/W6838782900","https://openalex.org/W6842722019","https://openalex.org/W6842989034","https://openalex.org/W6849590751","https://openalex.org/W6849612020","https://openalex.org/W6850169886","https://openalex.org/W6851242255","https://openalex.org/W6852043138","https://openalex.org/W6852448103","https://openalex.org/W6853547788","https://openalex.org/W6854013397","https://openalex.org/W6854311609","https://openalex.org/W6855141504","https://openalex.org/W6855241733","https://openalex.org/W6855356566","https://openalex.org/W6855435419","https://openalex.org/W6855793691","https://openalex.org/W6855844941","https://openalex.org/W6856096788","https://openalex.org/W6856377440","https://openalex.org/W6856598547","https://openalex.org/W6856662745","https://openalex.org/W6856770514","https://openalex.org/W6856921629","https://openalex.org/W6857038892","https://openalex.org/W6857044630","https://openalex.org/W6857151620","https://openalex.org/W6857354844","https://openalex.org/W6857565332","https://openalex.org/W6857594848","https://openalex.org/W6857606215","https://openalex.org/W6857635510","https://openalex.org/W6857882751","https://openalex.org/W6857882879","https://openalex.org/W6858134568","https://openalex.org/W6859083564","https://openalex.org/W6860826953","https://openalex.org/W6861092766","https://openalex.org/W6861115637","https://openalex.org/W6861151876","https://openalex.org/W6861295688","https://openalex.org/W6861440706","https://openalex.org/W6861530698","https://openalex.org/W6861678807","https://openalex.org/W6861764626","https://openalex.org/W6861871572","https://openalex.org/W6861876945","https://openalex.org/W6861972677","https://openalex.org/W6861983273","https://openalex.org/W6862140403","https://openalex.org/W6862260237","https://openalex.org/W6862343836","https://openalex.org/W6862513548","https://openalex.org/W6862622390","https://openalex.org/W6862645153","https://openalex.org/W6862718203","https://openalex.org/W6862965498","https://openalex.org/W6863590683","https://openalex.org/W6864176819","https://openalex.org/W6864285165","https://openalex.org/W6864330791","https://openalex.org/W6864933700","https://openalex.org/W6865033263","https://openalex.org/W6866720388","https://openalex.org/W6867010992","https://openalex.org/W6868135477","https://openalex.org/W6868202962","https://openalex.org/W6872935897","https://openalex.org/W6879272860"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4297582752","https://openalex.org/W4285805405","https://openalex.org/W2391924736","https://openalex.org/W3133779647","https://openalex.org/W1560122427","https://openalex.org/W3041827036","https://openalex.org/W1993493607","https://openalex.org/W2021957875","https://openalex.org/W2802808995","https://openalex.org/W2787833928"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"language":[1,9],"models":[2],"(LLMs)":[3],"have":[4,232],"not":[5],"only":[6],"revolutionized":[7],"natural":[8],"processing":[10,94],"but":[11],"also":[12],"extended":[13],"their":[14],"prowess":[15],"to":[16,86,148,214,237],"various":[17,168],"domains,":[18],"marking":[19],"a":[20,42,106,119,123,189,234],"significant":[21],"stride":[22],"toward":[23],"artificial":[24,229],"general":[25],"intelligence.":[26,230],"The":[27,202],"interplay":[28],"between":[29,152],"LLMs":[30,82,99,153,199],"and":[31,39,95,122,137,154,167,200,205,212,228],"evolutionary":[32],"algorithms":[33],"(EAs),":[34],"despite":[35],"differing":[36],"in":[37,47,81,102,156,181,223,226],"objectives":[38],"methodologies,":[40],"share":[41],"common":[43],"pursuit":[44],"of":[45,98,109,184,198,219],"applicability":[46],"complex":[48],"problems.":[49],"Meanwhile,":[50],"EA":[51,85,136,179],"can":[52],"provide":[53],"an":[54],"optimization":[55,227],"framework":[56],"for":[57,193,210],"LLM\u2019s":[58],"further":[59,146],"enhancement":[60],"under":[61],"closed":[62],"box":[63],"settings,":[64],"empowering":[65],"LLM":[66],"with":[67],"flexible":[68],"global":[69],"search":[70],"capacities.":[71],"On":[72],"the":[73,76,92,127,150,172,178,182,195,216,239],"other":[74],"hand,":[75],"abundant":[77],"domain":[78],"knowledge":[79],"inherent":[80],"could":[83],"enable":[84],"conduct":[87],"more":[88],"intelligent":[89],"searches.":[90],"Furthermore,":[91],"text":[93],"generative":[96],"capabilities":[97],"would":[100],"aid":[101],"deploying":[103],"EAs":[104,155],"across":[105],"wide":[107],"range":[108],"tasks.":[110,170],"Based":[111],"on":[112,177],"these":[113],"complementary":[114],"advantages,":[115],"this":[116,186,220],"article":[117,187],"provides":[118,188],"thorough":[120],"review":[121,175],"forward-looking":[124],"roadmap,":[125],"categorizing":[126],"reciprocal":[128],"inspiration":[129],"into":[130],"two":[131],"main":[132],"avenues:":[133],"1)":[134],"LLM-enhanced":[135],"2)":[138],"EA-enhanced":[139],"LLM.":[140],"Some":[141],"integrated":[142],"synergy":[143],"methods":[144],"are":[145],"introduced":[147],"exemplify":[149],"complementarity":[151],"diverse":[157],"scenarios,":[158],"including":[159],"code":[160],"generation,":[161],"software":[162],"engineering,":[163],"neural":[164],"architecture":[165],"search,":[166],"generation":[169],"As":[171],"first":[173],"comprehensive":[174],"focused":[176],"research":[180],"era":[183],"LLMs,":[185],"foundational":[190],"stepping":[191],"stone":[192],"understanding":[194],"collaborative":[196],"potential":[197,218],"EAs.":[201],"identified":[203],"challenges":[204],"future":[206],"directions":[207],"offer":[208],"guidance":[209],"researchers":[211],"practitioners":[213],"unlock":[215],"full":[217],"innovative":[221],"collaboration":[222],"propelling":[224],"advancements":[225],"We":[231],"created":[233],"GitHub":[235],"repository":[236],"index":[238],"relevant":[240],"papers:https://github.com/wuxingyu-ai/LLM4EC.":[241]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":47},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":17}],"updated_date":"2026-08-02T14:50:37.381335","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
