{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401070662","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tevc.2024.3435421","title":"Effective Identification of Lower-Level Optimal Solutions via Discriminator of Conditional Generative Adversarial Network","display_name":"Effective Identification of Lower-Level Optimal Solutions via Discriminator of Conditional Generative Adversarial Network","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401070662","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tevc.2024.3435421"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tevc.2024.3435421","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tevc.2024.3435421","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S93787993","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation","issn_l":"1089-778X","issn":["1089-778X","1941-0026"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101418559","display_name":"Weizhong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9891-6516"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139024713","display_name":"Guangdong University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04azbjn80","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139024713"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weizhong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","School of Automation, Guangdong University of Technology, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9891-6516","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139024713"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Guangdong University of Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139024713"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100610638","display_name":"Hai\u2010Lin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2276-1938"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139024713","display_name":"Guangdong University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04azbjn80","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139024713"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hai-Lin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Mathematics and Interdisciplinary Sciences and the School of Mathematics and Statistics, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","Center for Mathematics and Interdisciplinary Sciences and the School of Mathematics and Statistics, Guangdong University of Technology, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2276-1938","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Mathematics and Interdisciplinary Sciences and the School of Mathematics and Statistics, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139024713"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Mathematics and Interdisciplinary Sciences and the School of Mathematics and Statistics, Guangdong University of Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139024713"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025285243","display_name":"Kay Chen Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6802-2463"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kay Chen Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China","Department of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6802-2463","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2715,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.51919076,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"6","first_page":"2446","last_page":"2460"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.9613000154495239,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.9613000154495239,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminator","display_name":"Discriminator","score":0.877098560333252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.7156339883804321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.6215424537658691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5636109113693237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.530707061290741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-adversarial-network","display_name":"Generative adversarial network","score":0.47539910674095154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.45514869689941406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.3861314356327057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3488810062408447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3417508900165558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3415284752845764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.33526092767715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.1332821547985077}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779803651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282088","display_name":"Discriminator","level":3,"score":0.877098560333252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.7156339883804321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6215424537658691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5636109113693237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.530707061290741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988773926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25104379","display_name":"Generative adversarial network","level":3,"score":0.47539910674095154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.45514869689941406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3861314356327057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3488810062408447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3417508900165558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3415284752845764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.33526092767715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.1332821547985077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tevc.2024.3435421","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tevc.2024.3435421","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S93787993","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation","issn_l":"1089-778X","issn":["1089-778X","1941-0026"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.8100000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2259695690","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62172110","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2599374325","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PolyU15215623","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2757623951","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U21A20512","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3604450565","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023A1515011793","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321921","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5968625874","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PolyU11211521","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6031878668","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PolyU15218622","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6689885815","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"C5052-23G","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321921","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W811381886","https://openalex.org/W1977398984","https://openalex.org/W1991984686","https://openalex.org/W1995445457","https://openalex.org/W2000976787","https://openalex.org/W2058142975","https://openalex.org/W2063757130","https://openalex.org/W2088692617","https://openalex.org/W2101893008","https://openalex.org/W2106334424","https://openalex.org/W2112912151","https://openalex.org/W2114133631","https://openalex.org/W2126105956","https://openalex.org/W2130796165","https://openalex.org/W2143381319","https://openalex.org/W2291204103","https://openalex.org/W2329255878","https://openalex.org/W2413793893","https://openalex.org/W2517278259","https://openalex.org/W2614367549","https://openalex.org/W2761664931","https://openalex.org/W2963307331","https://openalex.org/W3021941015","https://openalex.org/W3047043442","https://openalex.org/W3160536906","https://openalex.org/W3178628565","https://openalex.org/W3203245557","https://openalex.org/W3217265291","https://openalex.org/W4205761328","https://openalex.org/W4214588609","https://openalex.org/W4214941022","https://openalex.org/W4281648374","https://openalex.org/W4282935563","https://openalex.org/W4313413157","https://openalex.org/W4323896866","https://openalex.org/W4376456883","https://openalex.org/W4378190535","https://openalex.org/W4384787999","https://openalex.org/W4388692472","https://openalex.org/W4394730960"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2995777218","https://openalex.org/W3217069185","https://openalex.org/W3049340819","https://openalex.org/W4308928038","https://openalex.org/W4200430540","https://openalex.org/W3141413246","https://openalex.org/W2888032422","https://openalex.org/W4322709305","https://openalex.org/W2808862658","https://openalex.org/W4391899165"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Bilevel":[0],"multiobjective":[1,12],"optimization":[2,13,69,135,163],"problem":[3,14,24],"(BLMOP)":[4],"can":[5,77],"be":[6,26,33,74],"seen":[7],"as":[8,60,62,117],"a":[9,43,112,126,200,207],"special":[10,56],"constrained":[11],"(CMOP),":[15],"where":[16],"the":[17,21,37,54,63,67,97,120,133,143,147,152,157,177,188],"optimality":[18,159],"constraint":[19,57],"of":[20,71,137,164,171],"lower-level":[22],"(LL)":[23],"cannot":[25],"easily":[27],"and":[28,66,81,155,166,173,199,206],"quickly":[29],"checked,":[30],"but":[31],"must":[32],"verified":[34],"by":[35,106,141],"solving":[36,181],"LL":[38,51,84,129,158,167],"problem.":[39],"If":[40],"there":[41],"was":[42],"relatively":[44],"simple":[45,61],"alternative":[46],"formulation":[47],"for":[48,100,180],"effectively":[49,82],"identifying":[50,128],"optimal":[52,85,130],"solutions,":[53],"abovementioned":[55],"could":[58],"become":[59],"usual":[64],"constraints":[65],"nested":[68,134,201],"structure":[70,136],"BLMOP":[72,138],"would":[73],"altered,":[75],"which":[76],"greatly":[78,175],"improve":[79,96],"efficiency":[80],"find":[83],"solutions":[86,131],"with":[87,195],"excellent":[88],"upper-level":[89],"(UL)":[90],"performance.":[91],"In":[92],"this":[93],"article,":[94],"we":[95],"training":[98],"mechanism":[99],"conditional":[101],"generative":[102],"adversarial":[103],"network":[104],"(cGAN)":[105],"introducing":[107],"multiple":[108],"generators":[109,172],"to":[110,118],"construct":[111],"reasonable":[113],"reference":[114],"distribution,":[115],"so":[116],"prevent":[119],"discriminator":[121,127,148,174],"from":[122],"performance":[123],"degradation.":[124],"With":[125],"effectively,":[132],"is":[139],"altered":[140],"adding":[142],"objective":[144],"that":[145],"maximizing":[146],"output":[149],"score":[150],"into":[151],"UL":[153,165],"objectives":[154],"removing":[156],"constraint,":[160],"realizing":[161],"synchronous":[162],"vectors.":[168],"The":[169,183],"cooperation":[170],"reduces":[176],"computational":[178],"overhead":[179],"BLMOPs.":[182],"proposed":[184],"algorithm":[185],"has":[186,212],"achieved":[187],"best":[189],"or":[190],"competitive":[191],"results":[192],"in":[193],"comparison":[194],"6":[196],"state-of-the-art":[197],"algorithms":[198],"method":[202],"on":[203],"benchmark":[204],"problems":[205],"real-world":[208],"problem,":[209],"whose":[210],"effectiveness":[211],"been":[213],"demonstrated.":[214]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-12-26T23:08:49.675405","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}