{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2614367549","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tevc.2017.2712906","title":"A Review on Bilevel Optimization: From Classical to Evolutionary Approaches and Applications","display_name":"A Review on Bilevel Optimization: From Classical to Evolutionary Approaches and Applications","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-06-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2614367549","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tevc.2017.2712906","mag":"2614367549"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tevc.2017.2712906","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tevc.2017.2712906","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S93787993","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation","issn_l":"1089-778X","issn":["1089-778X","1941-0026"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018720209","display_name":"Ankur Sinha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0464-6736"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150870154","display_name":"Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad","ror":"https://ror.org/02egcpy68","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150870154"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ankur Sinha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Production and Quantitative Methods, Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, Ahmedabad, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Production and Quantitative Methods, Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, Ahmedabad, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150870154"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020180428","display_name":"Pekka Malo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1583-015X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pekka Malo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Service Economy, Aalto University School of Business, Aalto, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Service Economy, Aalto University School of Business, Aalto, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088394271","display_name":"Kalyanmoy Deb","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7402-9939"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kalyanmoy Deb","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7402-9939","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018720209"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150870154"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":58.6127,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":864,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99949177,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"2","first_page":"276","last_page":"295"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10545","display_name":"Optimization and Variational Analysis","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10545","display_name":"Optimization and Variational Analysis","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12709","display_name":"Optimization and Mathematical Programming","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10969","display_name":"Water resources management and optimization","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bilevel-optimization","display_name":"Bilevel optimization","score":0.9465721845626831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolutionary-computation","display_name":"Evolutionary computation","score":0.7153128981590271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6858631372451782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.6147357821464539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimization-problem","display_name":"Optimization problem","score":0.6023989915847778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolutionary-algorithm","display_name":"Evolutionary algorithm","score":0.5583441257476807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","score":0.5388078689575195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolutionary-programming","display_name":"Evolutionary programming","score":0.5363902449607849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.49414971470832825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-based-evolutionary-computation","display_name":"Human-based evolutionary computation","score":0.4570688009262085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interactive-evolutionary-computation","display_name":"Interactive evolutionary computation","score":0.34549182653427124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.32048872113227844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.22627133131027222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.15643256902694702}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3309286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4907693","display_name":"Bilevel optimization","level":3,"score":0.9465721845626831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105902424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1197129","display_name":"Evolutionary computation","level":2,"score":0.7153128981590271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6858631372451782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.6147357821464539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.6023989915847778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159149176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14489129","display_name":"Evolutionary algorithm","level":2,"score":0.5583441257476807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.5388078689575195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121835503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2596288","display_name":"Evolutionary programming","level":3,"score":0.5363902449607849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.49414971470832825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158564503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5936745","display_name":"Human-based evolutionary computation","level":5,"score":0.4570688009262085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123189799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6045380","display_name":"Interactive evolutionary computation","level":4,"score":0.34549182653427124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32048872113227844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.22627133131027222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.15643256902694702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tevc.2017.2712906","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tevc.2017.2712906","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S93787993","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation","issn_l":"1089-778X","issn":["1089-778X","1941-0026"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7414076325","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DBI-0939454","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325228","display_name":"Liikesivistysrahasto","ror":"https://ror.org/03jbt3445"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332431","display_name":"College of Engineering, Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":206,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W21432690","https://openalex.org/W55700729","https://openalex.org/W135024027","https://openalex.org/W189465108","https://openalex.org/W195322165","https://openalex.org/W397669542","https://openalex.org/W644932461","https://openalex.org/W811381886","https://openalex.org/W865250420","https://openalex.org/W1032665075","https://openalex.org/W1483357708","https://openalex.org/W1484068505","https://openalex.org/W1488976018","https://openalex.org/W1501456815","https://openalex.org/W1518498522","https://openalex.org/W1528022171","https://openalex.org/W1536852012","https://openalex.org/W1588628884","https://openalex.org/W1589928278","https://openalex.org/W1595652668","https://openalex.org/W1597439928","https://openalex.org/W1597653328","https://openalex.org/W1598286983","https://openalex.org/W1601972095","https://openalex.org/W1604175135","https://openalex.org/W1650861223","https://openalex.org/W1676470423","https://openalex.org/W1762936176","https://openalex.org/W1839515685","https://openalex.org/W1963850385","https://openalex.org/W1964332562","https://openalex.org/W1964765773","https://openalex.org/W1967429696","https://openalex.org/W1968346596","https://openalex.org/W1972038842","https://openalex.org/W1974549991","https://openalex.org/W1974952991","https://openalex.org/W1977398984","https://openalex.org/W1977649329","https://openalex.org/W1979380639","https://openalex.org/W1979603336","https://openalex.org/W1981800580","https://openalex.org/W1983202079","https://openalex.org/W1983370583","https://openalex.org/W1983937926","https://openalex.org/W1986459634","https://openalex.org/W1986808060","https://openalex.org/W1987352215","https://openalex.org/W1988724314","https://openalex.org/W1990676004","https://openalex.org/W1990864994","https://openalex.org/W1991984686","https://openalex.org/W1992590811","https://openalex.org/W1994436307","https://openalex.org/W1994697143","https://openalex.org/W1995153978","https://openalex.org/W2000152357","https://openalex.org/W2000976787","https://openalex.org/W2001759562","https://openalex.org/W2003006769","https://openalex.org/W2003319448","https://openalex.org/W2004347548","https://openalex.org/W2005629858","https://openalex.org/W2006584804","https://openalex.org/W2006911191","https://openalex.org/W2007015443","https://openalex.org/W2007103412","https://openalex.org/W2008308037","https://openalex.org/W2013365934","https://openalex.org/W2014457744","https://openalex.org/W2016379082","https://openalex.org/W2016969860","https://openalex.org/W2018754467","https://openalex.org/W2019901401","https://openalex.org/W2021547494","https://openalex.org/W2025795251","https://openalex.org/W2027161089","https://openalex.org/W2028182461","https://openalex.org/W2029002433","https://openalex.org/W2030667419","https://openalex.org/W2031264011","https://openalex.org/W2032195237","https://openalex.org/W2033097589","https://openalex.org/W2035317043","https://openalex.org/W2035452420","https://openalex.org/W2035893651","https://openalex.org/W2036894450","https://openalex.org/W2037618413","https://openalex.org/W2037997802","https://openalex.org/W2038079205","https://openalex.org/W2039564621","https://openalex.org/W2039827784","https://openalex.org/W2042943043","https://openalex.org/W2044241503","https://openalex.org/W2045540560","https://openalex.org/W2046533071","https://openalex.org/W2046542460","https://openalex.org/W2047071794","https://openalex.org/W2048043258","https://openalex.org/W2048644900","https://openalex.org/W2048711666","https://openalex.org/W2051925793","https://openalex.org/W2056468324","https://openalex.org/W2058637990","https://openalex.org/W2059650581","https://openalex.org/W2060743072","https://openalex.org/W2061059744","https://openalex.org/W2061228544","https://openalex.org/W2061233843","https://openalex.org/W2064997474","https://openalex.org/W2065505535","https://openalex.org/W2065534296","https://openalex.org/W2068965009","https://openalex.org/W2069577676","https://openalex.org/W2069900289","https://openalex.org/W2070835010","https://openalex.org/W2071082401","https://openalex.org/W2071707442","https://openalex.org/W2073275702","https://openalex.org/W2074376561","https://openalex.org/W2077044681","https://openalex.org/W2078101422","https://openalex.org/W2079104779","https://openalex.org/W2084575232","https://openalex.org/W2085073317","https://openalex.org/W2088692617","https://openalex.org/W2090411045","https://openalex.org/W2093517413","https://openalex.org/W2095103929","https://openalex.org/W2095798353","https://openalex.org/W2096126893","https://openalex.org/W2098876471","https://openalex.org/W2099746148","https://openalex.org/W2101053375","https://openalex.org/W2101893008","https://openalex.org/W2103512375","https://openalex.org/W2105935934","https://openalex.org/W2111240209","https://openalex.org/W2114133631","https://openalex.org/W2116765717","https://openalex.org/W2118294596","https://openalex.org/W2120257557","https://openalex.org/W2124659975","https://openalex.org/W2127587365","https://openalex.org/W2127810966","https://openalex.org/W2128255043","https://openalex.org/W2131355929","https://openalex.org/W2131948650","https://openalex.org/W2134230680","https://openalex.org/W2141492178","https://openalex.org/W2145434477","https://openalex.org/W2148534455","https://openalex.org/W2149960577","https://openalex.org/W2156417353","https://openalex.org/W2158266063","https://openalex.org/W2161768084","https://openalex.org/W2163194391","https://openalex.org/W2164071750","https://openalex.org/W2166549228","https://openalex.org/W2168353587","https://openalex.org/W2171101657","https://openalex.org/W2174706414","https://openalex.org/W2219062175","https://openalex.org/W2254218369","https://openalex.org/W2259507927","https://openalex.org/W2282262396","https://openalex.org/W2291204103","https://openalex.org/W2303211571","https://openalex.org/W2329255878","https://openalex.org/W2331890423","https://openalex.org/W2347579645","https://openalex.org/W2359515651","https://openalex.org/W2413793893","https://openalex.org/W2477083934","https://openalex.org/W2481910659","https://openalex.org/W2499145065","https://openalex.org/W2521809336","https://openalex.org/W2537392705","https://openalex.org/W2558427868","https://openalex.org/W2558645170","https://openalex.org/W2602220366","https://openalex.org/W2799700442","https://openalex.org/W2980487008","https://openalex.org/W3046916097","https://openalex.org/W3121609094","https://openalex.org/W3148840946","https://openalex.org/W4229492285","https://openalex.org/W4245139159","https://openalex.org/W4252848749","https://openalex.org/W4256439778","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4297925816","https://openalex.org/W4396960891","https://openalex.org/W6607880904","https://openalex.org/W6607899273","https://openalex.org/W6613681616","https://openalex.org/W6628981487","https://openalex.org/W6635565291","https://openalex.org/W6635862605","https://openalex.org/W6638128249","https://openalex.org/W6660331803","https://openalex.org/W6674967993","https://openalex.org/W6678897004","https://openalex.org/W6735830628","https://openalex.org/W6742920659","https://openalex.org/W7029785479"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1573147006","https://openalex.org/W2528958959","https://openalex.org/W4879471","https://openalex.org/W1852966908","https://openalex.org/W41249964","https://openalex.org/W68304801","https://openalex.org/W2086263357","https://openalex.org/W2482072397","https://openalex.org/W2616345470","https://openalex.org/W2994924670"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Bilevel":[0],"optimization":[1,10,14,74,125],"is":[2],"defined":[3],"as":[4,16],"a":[5,17,69],"mathematical":[6,27],"program,":[7],"where":[8],"an":[9,46,113,117],"problem":[11,15],"contains":[12],"another":[13],"constraint.":[18],"These":[19],"problems":[20,36,91],"have":[21,111],"received":[22],"significant":[23],"attention":[24,138],"from":[25,75],"the":[26,51,57,76,97,101,105],"programming":[28],"community.":[29],"Only":[30],"limited":[31],"work":[32],"exists":[33],"on":[34,72,100,123],"bilevel":[35,73,108,124],"using":[37],"evolutionary":[38,60,132],"computation":[39,133],"techniques;":[40],"however,":[41],"recently":[42],"there":[43],"has":[44],"been":[45],"increasing":[47],"interest":[48],"due":[49],"to":[50,79,126,135,139],"proliferation":[52],"of":[53,59,88,107,116,120],"practical":[54,141],"applications":[55],"and":[56,84],"potential":[58,89],"algorithms":[61],"in":[62,104],"tackling":[63],"these":[64],"problems.":[65],"This":[66,128],"paper":[67,129],"provides":[68],"comprehensive":[70],"review":[71],"basic":[77],"principles":[78],"solution":[80],"strategies;":[81],"both":[82],"classical":[83],"evolutionary.":[85],"A":[86],"number":[87],"application":[90],"are":[92],"also":[93],"discussed.":[94],"To":[95],"offer":[96],"readers":[98],"insights":[99],"prominent":[102],"developments":[103],"field":[106],"optimization,":[109],"we":[110],"performed":[112],"automated":[114],"text-analysis":[115],"extended":[118],"list":[119],"papers":[121],"published":[122],"date.":[127],"should":[130],"motivate":[131],"researchers":[134],"pay":[136],"more":[137],"this":[140],"yet":[142],"challenging":[143],"area.":[144]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":106},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":128},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":97},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":118},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":131},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":112},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":99},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-03T09:05:47.796612","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
